Chapter 8-11 Study Guide

Chapter 8 1. What are signposts? Words or phrases the speaker uses to help listeners follow the speech.

2. What are the chief characteristics of an informal outline? It is simple and brief Uses words and phrases instead of sentences Shows the relationship between the topic and subtopic Uses abbreviations

3. Why is it helpful to indent subpoints and supporting details? It helps identify relationships between topics, subtopics, and details.

Chapter 9 1. anecdotes Brief stories 2. evidence Facts, statistics, and so on that are used to support an argument.

3. post hoc ergo propter hoc Confusing “after” with “because” 4. false analogy A misleading comparison from which one reasons 5. inferring Ability to make generalizations

6. reasoning backward Assuming that people belong to a group because they have a characteric in common with that group 7. begging the question Stating a position that needs to be proved as if it were true

8. logical argument An objective reason that supports a position 9. logical fallacy Errors in reasoning 10. identification Thinking of the speaker as a person like oneself.

11. Name the common logical fallacies. Oversimplifying the issue Begging the question Misleading statistics Post hoc ergo propter hoc Reasoning backward False analogy

12. What is the statement of your position? The sentence that states the purpose of your speech. 13. What kind of evidence is used in an inductive reasoning logical argument? Experience experiment statistics

14. What are the three kinds of needs upon which emotional appeals are based? Physical Psychological Social

15. What can a speaker to establish credibility with an audience? Establish a good reputation Demonstrate knowledge of the topic Be sincere Appear trustworthy

Chapter 10 1. loaded words and phrases Terms charged with positive, negative, or hidden implications 2. name calling Attaching a label with negative connotations to a person

3. faulty generalizations Statements based either on too little evidence or on prejudice 4. the bandwagon A movemet or cause that propagandists urge audiences to support simply because everyone else does

5. transference The redirection of positive associations from one source to another 6. testimonial An endorsement by a celebrity 7. the big lie An outright, often outrageous, falsehood repeated loudly and frequently

8. stereotyping Prejudice, holding an oversimplified or preconceived mental picture 9. innuendo Attacking a person by implication or association

10. What are the active listening skills that need to be used when engaging in critical listening? Paraphrasing Questioning Looking for patterns

11. What questions should you ask yourself in order to become conscious of your standards? About topic About speaker About message

12. Name and explain the two types of faulty generalizations. Hasty—based on too little evidence Glittering—based on prejudice

Chapter 11 1. What purpose does a speech given as part of a ceremony serve? It unites a group Affirms the speaker’s commitment to it Helps preserve its values

2. What is the basic organization of a ceremonial speech? Introduction, body, and conclusion 3. What are some suggestions for giving speeches that mark beginnings or endings? Focus on common experiences Recall shared events Have a central idea

4. What are some suggestions for giving speeches to present an award? Praise the giver Speak of the award’s history Be specific in praising the recipient