Gravity and Kinetic Energy Teaching Slides, 3.1 If you are using the PowerPoint slides, log in to your FOSSweb account on your internet browser. Then, cut and paste these links into your browser. Resources by Investigation provides access to all notebook masters, teacher masters, online activities, and video content: https://www.fossweb.com/resources-by-investigation?folioID=G4648384&parentID=G4636900 The eBook provides access to all FOSS Science Resources articles: https://www.fossweb.com/delegate/ssi-wdf-ucm-webContent/Contribution%20Folders/FOSS/ebooks_NG/NG_Gravity_Kinetic_Energy_SRB_FB/index.html If you are using the PDF versions of the slides, simply log in to your FOSSweb account before starting; the embedded links will take you directly to the Resources by Investigation and the eBook. If you plan to use these slides offline, be sure to plan ahead and download the necessary duplication masters from the Resources by Investigation section of FOSSweb. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy

Review force and gravity What is the relationship between mass and weight? What happens to the weight as you increase the number of marbles? What does that tell you about the force on the end of the spring scale as you increase the number of marbles in the bag? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 1

Review force and gravity Even though there was more force pulling down on the scale as you added marbles, you were able to keep the scale from falling to the ground. How did you do that? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 1

Review force and gravity When you lift a bag of marbles, you are doing work and using energy. Energy-usable power that can be transferred or converted to different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed In this investigation, we’ll explore how energy is related to force, how we can measure energy, and how energy can be transferred. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 1

Review force and gravity We will start by setting up some ramps and rolling marbles to test what happens in a collision. collision-when two objects crash together Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 1

Make first collision Test your ramps with the marbles. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 3

Introduce kinetic energy Did you see any evidence of energy? What kind? What is the name we use for motion energy? What are some examples of things with kinetic energy? What is moving in this experiment? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce kinetic energy kinetic energy-energy of motion When you see something moving, it is evidence of kinetic energy. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce kinetic energy The marble moving down the ramp is evidence of kinetic energy. During a collision, energy can be transferred. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce kinetic energy Did you see any evidence that energy transferred during the collision between the marble and cube? Where did the cube get its kinetic energy? What happened to the marble after the collision? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce kinetic energy The distance the cube moves indicates the amount kinetic energy that the marble transferred to the cube in the collision. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce kinetic energy How could we explore this more? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 4

Introduce potential energy Now we are going to think about another form of energy. Potential energy-the energy stored in the position of an object Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 5

Introduce potential energy Which book has more gravitational potential energy? What is the force that will act on these books once I let go? In our ramp system, where would the marble have the most potential energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 5

Focus question G&KE 3.1 How is potential energy related to kinetic energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 7

Discuss variables What are variables in an experiment? Variables-any factor that can be changed Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 8

In your group, discuss this next question. What variables of the marble-ramp system could we control to explore the focus question? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy

Discuss variables How can we test the variable of marble-release height? What variables do we need to control for this experiment? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 8

Discuss variables How can we test the variable of mass of marbles released? What variables do we need to control for this experiment? What would happen if we changed the height and the number of marbles at the same time? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 8

Develop procedure One important variable to control is the reference point for how we release the marbles. If one group measures from the front of the marble, and others from the back of the marble, we won’t be able to compare results. As a class, let’s all measure from the front edge of the marble. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 9

Develop procedure Teacher master F, Marble-Release Reference Point Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 9

Develop procedure Notebook sheet 13, Marble-Ramp Data Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 9

Standardize cube position What does the symbol Δx mean? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 10

Collect data Begin your experiment and collect and record your data. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 11

Discuss results Review notebook sheet 13 to answer the following questions. What is kinetic energy? What is potential energy? How does a marble get potential energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Discuss results Write “Potential-energy indicator” on the first data table above the “Marble-ramp position” column. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Discuss results What is the force that caused the marble to move higher and gain more potential energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Discuss results What is the force that caused the marble to roll down the ramp? Does the marble ever have kinetic energy? When? Does the cube ever have kinetic energy? When? What did we use to measure how much kinetic energy transferred to the cube? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Discuss results Fill in “Kinetic energy indicator” on the first and second data tables above the “Average Δx” columns. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Discuss results Fill in “Mass in marbles” on the second data table above the “Number of marbles” column. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 14

Homework Create graphs of your results, one for the variable of marble numbers, and one for the variable of marble height. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 15

Discuss energy transfers Notebook sheet 14, Marble-Ramp Analysis Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 16

Discuss energy transfers How does the marble gain more potential energy? What happens to kinetic energy as you increase potential energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 16

Discuss energy transfers More potential energy from a higher ramp position means more acceleration as the marble rolls downhill, so the marble is moving faster (with more kinetic energy). Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 16

Discuss energy transfers Where does the kinetic energy of the marble on the ramp come from? What happens to kinetic energy as you increase mass? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 16

Summarize energy transfers Where did the energy come from to lift the marble to the top of the ramp? The energy of lifting transferred to what kind of energy in the marble sitting motionless at the top of the ramp? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 17

Summarize energy transfers When you let go of the marble and it moved down the ramp, the potential energy transferred to what kind of energy? When the marble hit the cube, what kind of energy transferred to the cube? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 17

As the cube stopped moving, where did the energy transfer to? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 18

Introduce friction Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 18

Introduce friction When the cube stopped moving, its energy transferred into heat energy. You didn’t feel heat, but as the cube moved across the table, there was friction between the two surfaces, and a small amount of heat energy transferred to the cube and table as they rubbed together. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 18

Introduce friction Friction-a force that opposes the motion of one surface across another. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 18

Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 19

Refine relationship In which position does the marble have the greatest potential energy? The least? In which position does the marble have the greatest kinetic energy? The least? What happens to the potential energy and kinetic energy of the marble as it rolls down the ramp? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 19

Refine relationship The potential energy of the marble is greatest at the top of the ramp and least at the bottom. The kinetic energy of the marble is least at the top of the ramp and greatest at the bottom. The potential energy transfers to kinetic energy as the marble rolls down the ramp. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 19

Refine relationship The kinetic energy of the marble is the greatest at the bottom of the ramp, which means its speed is the greatest. Explain why the marble’s speed would be the greatest at the bottom of the ramp. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 19

Observe pinball action Lay the spring scale horizontally on a table, compress the spring, and place a target cube against the plunger of the spring scale. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 20

Observe pinball action Materials for each group: • two spring scales • two target cubes • two rulers Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 20

Observe pinball action Explore how the movement of the target cube is related to the amount of compression of the spring scale. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 20

Discuss findings When the cube moves, what kind of energy is that? Where did the energy come from to move the cube? How did the spring get the potential energy to do that? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 21

Apply to real world When a car is moving with a higher speed, what can you say about its kinetic energy? When a car with more kinetic energy hits an object, what can you say about the energy transfer in the collision? Which would do more damage, a car hitting a wall at 60 km per hour or at 10 mph? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 22

Apply to real world Think about the experiment with multiple marbles. When a vehicle with greater mass, like a truck, is moving at the same speed as a vehicle with smaller mass, like a car, what can you say about their kinetic energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 22

Apply to real world When a vehicle with greater mass hits an object, what can you say about the energy transfer? If they were going the same speed, which would do more damage when hitting a passenger car, another passenger car or a truck? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 22

FOSS Science Resources Read “Potential and Kinetic Energy” on page 37. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 23

Review vocabulary Spend a few minutes reviewing the vocabulary for this part. Update the vocabulary index and table of contents in your notebook. collision energy friction kinetic energy potential energy variable Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 25

Answer the focus question How is potential energy related to kinetic energy? Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 26

Review notebook entries Review your notebook entries with a partner. Ask questions, give each other constructive feedback, and revise your entries if need be. This is a good opportunity to discuss how the concept of energy helps you think about collisions. Gravity and Kinetic Energy Course, 3.1: Potential and Kinetic Energy Step 27