UNIT 3 REVIEW Global Interactions: Early Japan & Feudalism, The Mongols, Global Trade & Interactions, The Resurgence of Europe, African Civilizations 1200-1650

Unit 3, Section 1 – Early Japan & Feudalism Geography of Japan Archipelago (chain of islands) made up of 4 main islands. Irregular coastline and many harbors. Small (about the size of California), but densely populated. Part of the Ring of Fire - a zone of active volcanoes. Very mountainous, with many earthquakes. Farmers used the method of terrace farming to farm on the sides of mountains Not many natural resources.

Unit 3, Section 1 – Early Japan & Feudalism Traditional Japanese Culture Religions = Shinto & Buddhism Calligraphy, Zen gardens (focus on nature), tea ceremony Influenced by China and Korea, but developed OWN culture Ethnocentric – viewed other nations as barbarians During the Tokugawa Shogunate – kabuki theater, haiku poetry

Unit 3, Section 1 – Early Japan & Feudalism Social and political system based on exchange of military services. **STRICT CLASS STRUCTURE- like feudalism in the Middle Ages in Europe** Feudalism = decentralized government, provided social stability and rigid social classes Samurai (warriors) code of behavior = Bushido (like chivalry in Europe)

Southeast Asia Influenced heavily by India and China Khmer Empire - in present day Cambodia, built Angkor Wat (temple) Koryu Dynasty - present day Korea

Unit 3, Section 2 – The Mongols The Mongols took over the Song Dynasty and became the first foreign dynasty to rule China. Also ruled Russia. Kublai Khan, the grandson of fierce warrior Genghis Khan both important leaders. Started the Yuan Dynasty. Travelers Marco Polo (from Italy) and Ibn Battuta (from Morocco) traveled there and learned. Traded & shared ideas with the West – cultural diffusion! Pax Mongolia = Peaceful time of Mongols. Used armies on horses to conquer new areas. Used the stirrup and bows/arrows.

Unit 3, Section 3 – Global Trade & Interactions Zheng He was a Chinese admiral who traveled around Southeast Asia/India/Africa and traded with people (cultural diffusion). Calcutta (India), Venice (Italy), Nanjing (China) and Mogadishu (Africa) all trade centers The Crusades led to trade between the Middle East and Europe Italian city-states grew because they were on the Mediterranean Sea Trade fairs in Europe led to growth of towns and cities Hanseatic League – groups of merchants in Germany

Unit 3, Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe The Commercial Revolution An increase in trade led to the growth of towns and cities. A middle class made up of merchants (people who sell things), traders, and artisans grew. Merchants and craftspeople formed guilds, a type of trade association. Guilds did the following things: Made sure the quality of goods stayed high Provided social services (hospitals, etc.) Regulated hours of work and prices of goods Training young people, or apprentices to learn the craft  **This led to the rise of CAPITALISM, an economic system where people buy and sell goods. **

Unit 3, Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe Machiavelli wrote a book called The Prince, which said that rulers should do whatever is necessary to gain and keep power. (Even if you have to lie/cheat/steal… “the ends justifies the means”). This book and hs ideas could spread because of the printing press!

Unit 3, Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe The Protestant Reformation   In the 1500s, many people wanted to make changes (reforms) in the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther was a monk in the Church who also wanted to make changes. **Remember: REFORM MEANS CHANGE**.

Unit 3, Section 4 - The Resurgence of Europe Causes of the Protestant Reformation Church officials sold indulgences (pieces of paper that said that if people bought them, they would go to heaven and achieve salvation.) 1517: Luther posted the 95 Theses on a church door. (A list of his complaints about the Church). He believed that the Church was only interested in money and power, not helping people. He believed that following the Bible and praying was the only real way to achieve salvation. This sparked the Protestant Reformation, a time when many people in Europe broke away from the Catholic Church and formed their own churches.

Unit 3, Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe Luther was excommunicated (kicked out of the Church). The pope asked him to take back what he said about the Church, and Luther refused. At the Diet of Worms (Luther’s trial), he was kicked out of Germany. His ideas spread quickly because of the printing press. Luther’s followers became known as the Protestants.

Unit 3, Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe Protestantism spread across Europe and broke into different sects. Christianity officially was split into two branches: Catholic and Protestant. John Calvin was another influential reformer who believed in predestination, or the idea that your destiny was decided before you were born. The Roman Catholic Church struck back with the Counter Reformation, during which it made many reforms.

Unit 3, Section 5 – Ancient African Kingdoms Ghana, Axum, Kush, Mali (capital = Timbuktu), Songhai, Great Zimbabwe – had advanced government, culture, and learning before Europeans arrived in Africa. Golden Age = good things happening. These kingdoms built their empires on wealth from tra ding two main resources: gold and salt. Trade occurred in trans- Saharan caravan routes. Remember the 4 M’s: Mansa Musa (person) was a Muslim (religion) from Mali (kingdom) who went to Mecca (holy city)! This spread Islam.  Ibn Battuta was a traveler from Morocco who wrote about ancient African kingdoms.