Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals Fourth Edition By Marilyn Friend Kerri Martin, Contributor Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed, Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Students Who Are Gifted and Talented Chapter 15 Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Outline the development of the field of gifted education, define giftedness, and explain the prevalence and determining factors of giftedness Describe the intellectual, academic, social, and emotional characteristics of individuals who are gifted and talented Explain how students who are gifted and talented are identified Outline how learners who are gifted and talented receive their education Describe recommended educational practices for students who are gifted and talented Explain the role of parents and families of students who are gifted in their talent development Identify trends and issues influencing the field Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Field of Gifted Education Time Period People/Group Events 1868 St. Louis public schools First programs for gifted students 1921-2020 Terman et al. Longitudinal study of students with IQ over 140 1954 Ntl. Assoc. of Gifted Education Founded 1959 Sputnik U.S. commits to improving education of gifted/talented 1972 Marland Report Widely used definition of gifted 1988; 1994 Jacob K. Javits Act Passed in 1988 to serve underrepresented groups; not funded until 1994 Book title, #Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Marland Definition of Gifted and Talented “…children and, whenever applicable, youth, who are identified at the preschool, elementary, or secondary level as possessing demonstrated or potential abilities that give evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, specific academic or leadership ability or in the performing and visual arts and who by reason thereof require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school.” (P.L. 95-561, Title IX, [a]) Book titleSpecial Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Javits Definition of Gifted and Talented “…perform or show the potential for performing at remarkably high levels of accomplishment when compared with others of their age, experience, or environment…exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas, possess an unusual leadership capacity, or excel in specific academic fields…require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the schools. Outstanding talents are present in children and youth from all cultural groups, across all economic strata, and in all areas of human endeavor.” (P. L. 100-297 §4130) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

General Definitions Giftedness: evidence of advanced development across intellectual areas, within a specific academic or arts-related area, or unusual organizational power to bring about desired results Talent: sometimes is defined as extraordinary ability in a specific area, but it also now sometimes is used interchangeably with giftedness Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Alternative Conceptualizations of Giftedness Renzulli’s Three Dimensions Above-average ability Task commitment/motivation Creativity Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences 9 types of intelligence Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prevalence and Determining Factors No single measure of prevalence; depending on state, 2-25% served Minority groups significantly under- represented in gifted programs Girls also under-represented Determining Factors Combination of genetic and environmental Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Characteristics …not all gifted students all the time… Ability to manipulate abstract symbol systems Power of concentration Unusually well-developed memory Early language interest and development Curiosity Preference for independent work Multiple interests Ability to generate original ideas Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Characteristics: Reading Has early knowledge of the alphabet Often reads early or unlocks the reading process quickly and sometimes idiosyncratically Reads with expression Has a high interest in reading; reads voraciously Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Characteristics: Writing Displays early ability to make written sound–symbol correspondence Exhibits fluency and elaboration Uses advanced sentence structure/patterns May show an interest in adult topics Writes for an extended period of time Generates many writing ideas Uses precise, descriptive language to evoke an image Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Characteristics: Speaking Learns to speak early Has a high-receptive vocabulary Uses advanced sentence structure Uses similes, metaphors, and analogies Exhibits highly verbal behavior in speech Enjoys acting out story events and situations Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Characteristics: Mathematical • Curiosity and understanding of quantitative aspects of things • Thinks logically and symbolically about quantitative and spatial relationships • Perceives and generalizes about patterns, structures, relations, and operations • Reasons analytically, deductively, and inductively • Finds rational, economical solutions • Displays flexibility and reversibility of mental processes • Remembers mathematical symbols, relationships, etc. • Transfers learning to novel situations and solutions • Displays energy and persistence in solving problems • Has a mathematical perception of the world Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social and Emotional Characteristics Sense of justice Sense of humor Emotional intensity Strong attachments and commitments Altruism and idealism Perfectionism High level of energy Aesthetic sensitivity Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Underlying Principles of Effective Assessment Two-stage assessment process Screening Off-level testing Measures to match programs Other Considerations Using domain-specific checklists High ability alone is not giftedness Equity Professional judgment of individual profiles Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Measuring spatial ability - mentally visualize and manipulate objects Authentic Assessment Dynamic assessment – ongoing identification of student learning needs and abilities Testing, teaching, re-testing Measuring spatial ability - mentally visualize and manipulate objects Reduces scoring disparities between SES groups Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specific process varies across states and districts Eligibility Specific process varies across states and districts Usually a school level eligibility committee Student profile is reviewed Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Debate Over Early Childhood Education Usually no services until middle elementary grades Advocates argue that exposure to special services would benefit all preschool children Gifted children may feel lonely if always with age-mates Opponents argue that no extra funds can be justified Potential problem of labeling and isolating Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Elementary and Secondary Education Grouping by ability or within classes Full-time and part-time separate classes Special schools Homeschooling Inclusive practices As with students with disabilities, no single best solution Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transition Challenges Ownership of abilities Dissonance Competing expectations Impatience Premature identity Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guiding Principles for Planning Programs Differentiated curriculum must span grades pre-K–12 Regular classroom curricula and instruction must be adapted, modified, or replaced Instructional pace must be flexible to allow for the accelerated learning Opportunities for subject and grade skipping Learning opportunities must consist of a continuum of differentiated curricular options, instructional approaches, and resource materials Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommended Educational Practices Curriculum compacting Acceleration and curriculum flexibility Acceleration in high school Special programs Dual-enrollment Enrichment Differentiation Depth and complexity Problem-based learning Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interventions for Diverse Populations Provide separate instructional opportunities for students with the same developmental profiles Use technology to aid in transmission of learning Provide small-group and individual counseling, mentorships, and internships Focus on the arts as a therapeutic intervention as well as a creative and expressive outlet Use materials rich in ideas and imagination coupled with an emphasis on higher-level skills Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Parent Strategies for Encouraging Children Read to children at all ages Provide educational puzzles and games Hold dinner table discussions Use adult friends as mentors Provide trips to the library and museums View films and programs together Encourage creativity and expression in arts Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification and programming for under-represented groups Trends and Issues Talent development Identification and programming for under-represented groups Students who are twice exceptional Effective differentiation Alternative program models Technology-based options Opportunities external to schools (e.g., mentors) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 4th ed., Marilyn Friend ISBN 0132836742 © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.