TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

The topic is divided into three enquiry questions…. 1. Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards? 2. Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters? 3. How successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?

How will this topic be assessed? 1.This core topic will be assessed on question 1 of Paper 1. The question is worth 16 marks and will consist of a short 4 mark question requiring data interpretation aswell as an extended writing 12 mark question. 2.This topic could also be assessed within Paper 3 which is called a ‘synoptic investigation.’ ( this means ‘thinking like a geographer’) Two or more of the core topic areas will be tested of which tectonic processes is one. The questions include 8 mark, 18 mark and 24 mark extended writing questions.

1. Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards? ENQUIRY QUESTION 1: 1. Why are some locations more at risk from tectonic hazards?

Do you have any previous knowledge about Tectonic Processes and Hazards? No knowledge Limited understanding Yes very confident NO WORRIES IF YOU HAVEN’T STUDIED THIS AT ALL BEFOREHAND!

WHITEBOARD STARTER In pairs 1.Write down what you think the term ‘HAZARD’ means 2.What words come to mind when you hear the phrase ‘Tectonic hazard’….? Extension: Write down 2 or 3 facts you may already know about each one……

KEY TERM: HAZARD ‘A hazard is a perceived natural/ geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property’

TECTONIC HAZARDS? Tsunami Earthquake Proximity to people…. (Seismicity) Volcanic eruption (Vulcanicty) Tsunami Proximity to people….

Tectonic Hazards.…

KEY TERM: TECTONIC HAZARD A tectonic hazard can be related to either earthquakes, volcanoes or tsunamis wherever PEOPLE are in close proximity . People LIVING CLOSE to tectonic hazards are therefore much more AT RISK than those who do not.

Keeping up to date…… Italy earthquake August 24th 2016 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37172455 Q: WHY SO HAZARDOUS? WHY WERE THESE PEOPLE AT RISK?

Keeping up to date…… Italy earthquake August 24th 2016: BBC News Italian earthquake http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7986352.stm

World Vision CNN Report http://www.worldvision.it/emergency-appeal-earthquake-italy?gclid=CjwKEAjwmMS-BRCm5dn51JLbp1wSJACc61tFabFqFh2UUHhrednMN1cG_MqO1VNRyhtN_NyBpTFFwhoC-jLw_wcB

Why was this recent ‘severe’ Italian earthquake so hazardous? Where? Quake was 76km SE of the city of Perugia central Italy – a sparsely populated mountainous region What? 6.3 magnitude on Richter scale – moderate to strong strength Hundreds of aftershocks occurred in the hours afterwards- 98 in the first 36 hours- one recorded as 5.2 magnitude ( see BBC new clip- map) When? 03.36am local time- many were in bed and were therefore asleep and disorientated - couldn’t evacuate Why? Italy lies in a very tectonically active region. This was as a result of pressure being released along an active fault of the convergent plate margin between the African and Eurasian plates. The US Geological Survey reported a shallow depth 10 kms-devastation therefore felt more on the surface near epicentre, Norcia near Perugia in mountainous centre of Italy but tremors felt in Rome 100kms (NE ) away… Immediate effects? 292 people reported dead(many injured) most in village of Pescara del Tronto and Amatrice many died in rubble of old buildings with no earthquake protection code which collapsed. Many people are now displaced as their homes have gone Immediate responses? 5000 rescuers : Local emergency services plus locals themselves work hard to find survivors. Italy declares state of emergency and £42 mill pledged by PM for rebuild

Maps to show tectonically active Italy https://www. google. co

TASK Make brief notes on this most recent Italian earthquake in the booklet You need to keep your eye in the news and include notes on as many tectonic hazards you can over the next two years!

YOU MUST USE RECENT EXAMPLES!! The Edexcel Chief examiner says…. ‘The more contemporary examples that you can include in your answer, the more likely you are to convince and impress the examiner that you have a sound knowledge and understanding of today’s world. Material of this nature provides the examiner with evidence of flair and insight…......’’ SO WATCH THE NEWS- MAYBE DOWNLOAD A FREE TECTONIC HAZARDS APP ON YOUR PHONE- FOLLOW EARTHSCIENCES ON TWITTER AND MAKE SURE YOU ARE CONSTANTLY UP TO DATE!!

WHERE CAN THESE BE FOUND AND WHY…..? 1.1 a)The global distribution of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis WHERE CAN THESE BE FOUND AND WHY…..?

Q: What do you notice about the spatial distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes?

World Population Distribution map 2016 Can you spot a relationship between population distribution and tectonic hazard activity?

1.1 a)The global distribution of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis (Ref Edexcel A Level Book 1 p2-3) Tectonic hazards include earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as well as secondary hazards such as tsunami (these are caused by the movement of tectonic plates- see later notes..) These represent a significant risk in some parts of the world in terms of loss of life, livelihoods and economic impact. This is especially the case where active tectonic plate boundaries interact with areas of high population density, and medium to high levels of development. Tectonic hazards can be classified as either SEISMIC (related to earthquakes) or VOLCANIC( related to volcanoes)

THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS WE NEED TO STUDY THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHY SOME LOCATIONS ARE MORE AT RISK FROM TECTONIC HAZARDS IN THE WORLD…..