SDME Tuesday May 19th 2015 Afternoon ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Managing economic development and environmental conflict Aid and development OR

Sustainable Development: Meeting the needs of today's population without compromising the needs of future generations.

WHY? AID Development around the world is uneven- LEDCs NICs MEDCs Less Economically Developed Newly Industrialising Countries More Economically Developed Aid can help less developed countries to develop over time. Sustainable aid include ways to improve people’s lives socially and economically without having a negative effect on the environment.

WHY? INDUSTRY Jobs that employ people: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Industry offers jobs/money to local people and the economy which can improve lives. The location of industry is an important factor. Trying to make sure it doesn’t have a negative effect on the environment is even more important. Extraction of raw materials from earth e.g. farming, mining, fishing Manufacturing, making things e.g. Cars Providing a service to people or Industry e.g. shop keeper, teacher Research and Development, I.T, Hi-tech e.g. research scientist

You have 1 hour 30 minutes to answer all the questions in the paper. The BOOKLET Read the Resource Booklet – 15 minutes Read through every resource. Make notes on the resource booklet, this is yours to use. Look carefully at any graphs, maps and diagrams – check the axis, scale, key etc. to make sure you understand what they show. Read the resources suggested in each question again before you start answering the question.

There are usually shorter questions to start with that are worth 1-6 marks. If asked to interpret a map or graph, be as accurate as you can. If it says use data, you must include numbers Use the resources and key geographical terms when giving answers. Don’t copy chunks from the resources, always put answers into your own words

Next there are usually two longer questions worth 6-8 marks each. All questions worth 6 marks or above should be answered using DEVELOPED paragraphs. Include information from the resources, but don’t just copy out chunks. A rough guide: 6 mark questions: 3 developed points PEE (point, evidence, explain, ) 8 mark questions: 4 developed points PEE

The final question will be THE DECISION [16 MARKS] – allow at least 40 minutes (this includes planning time!) This is the most important section. It is a good idea to plan your answer – this could be a quick mind map of the key points you need to include. When explaining how your chosen option is sustainable be very specific about how it is socially, economically or environmentally sustainable (SEE). Socially – helping people and their lives Economically – helping people with money and jobs, not costing too much Environmentally - not having a negative effect on the environment or actually helps the environment

Write in clear DEVELOPED (PEE) paragraphs using evidence from the resources to support your points. Make sure you answer every section of the question (usually questions are in bullet points) – if you miss a section out it will significantly reduce your mark. There is NO right or wrong answer. The question is planned so you have to discuss many of the options. Be confident about the one you have picked, ensure you know why it is sustainable and why you think the others are less sustainable.

You must use key terminology and refer to the resources in your answers and write in short, concise answers that match the answer space and mark collection. Do not ‘copy’ what is in the resource but try to write it in ‘your own words’ You will be marked on your quality of written communication (spelling, punctuation, grammar). Many key words are spelt in the resources or questions asked. e.g enviroNment Do not write outside the allocated space provided as answers are scanned into a computer! You should try and plan your answer- especially for The Decision (C)

Development and AID – short Qs Describe the relationship between GDP per person, infant mortality and life expectancy 4 marks

WAGOLL- what a good one looks like WAGOLL- what a good one looks like! Describe the relationship between GDP per person, infant mortality and life expectancy 4 marks As GDP increases, infant mortality rate decreases which is a negative correlation. For example Somalia has a a GDP of …….. and an infant mortality rate of ……. whereas Switzerland has a GDP of ……..and an infant mortality rate of ……… As GDP increases, life expectancy increases, this is a positive correlation. Lesotho has a GDP of …….. And a life expectancy of ……………. where as Japan has a GDP of ………… and a life expectancy of………..

Using resource 5 Give and explain the benefits that water aid can bring to communities, making reference to sustainability. (6 marks) Level 1 – 1-2 marks Simple reasons Level 2- 3-4 marks Level 3 – 5-6 marks

WAGOLL Using resource 5 Give and explain the benefits that water aid can bring to communities, making reference to sustainability. (6 marks) Used water from homes and pumps can be used to water gardens and farmland, this is environmentally sustainable because soil will be good quality and plants/crops will have water to survive. This is also socially sustainable because people can grow crops to feed themselves and so they will have enough nutrition to stay healthy. It can also be economically sustainable because spare crops can be sold/traded with others so that families have a source of income to spend on improving their lives further.

The Decision 16 Marks Will give you possible options to choose from – up to 4 max usually No right or wrong answer – just allows you to the analyse the options and show your understanding. You must consider: - How will each of the options help the area - SUSTAINABILITY-social, economic, environmental STAKEHOLDERS- who is affected both positively and negatively

Example 1: Choose one of the methods Explain why your chosen method is more sustainable than the other two methods to help people and communities. Explain why it would be more effective to use methods 1, 2, and 3 together. This question is asking you to compare strategies together. In your answer you must make sure you directly compare strategies together to explain why your option is more sustainable than the others. E.g. Option 1 is more/Less economically sustainable than Option 2 because …. Whereas Option 2 …. You must also make sure you answer all parts of the question. Not all parts of the question will require as much detail in your answers – but if they are not completed – you could lose up to half your marks.

Example 2: Choose one of the 4 options, which you think is the most economically sustainable, and give two reasons for your choice. Give a reason for rejecting each of the other three options. Suggest a possible disadvantage of your chosen option. Select one of your rejected options and give a possible advantage of this option Pay attention to the key words in the question. If the question asks you to discuss economic sustainability and long term benefits – you will gain no marks for environmental or social sustainability or short term effects.

Example 3: State your chosen option Explain the contrasting views of two different groups of local people about your choice of option Explain why your choice is sustainable Explain why you rejected one of the other options If asked about stakeholders – be specific – identify and name groups, e.g. local residents, retired people, farmers etc. In this instance they need to hold contrasting (different) views. Thinking about sustainability in the Decision Making question

16 marks You must: Choose an option The government of Mali is looking at accepting an overseas aid project. It is keen to make sure that the project allows the country to become independent and not need to rely on MEDC’s in the future. Three options are available, write a report on which option you think is best making links to sustainability where appropriate. Level 1 (1-2 marks) Limited mention of the advantages. Limited mention of the disadvantages. Limited mention of sustainability. Level 2 (5-8 marks) Simple reason (s) given for the advantages. Simple reasons (s) given for the disadvantages. Simple reason (s) for sustainability. Option 1 – To add a new dam, which will provide clean water and hydro-electric power for Mali. A large area of land will be flooded and in return the Government must purchase all military equipment from the UK for the next 10 years. Option2 – Develop and make a series of water pumps in the villages, using the underground water table. These will be simple technology and cheap to install. Option 3 – Send over tools for farming as well as people to help teach the locals how to farm in drought prone areas, using simple techniques like demi-lunes and stone walls across fields. Level 3 (9-12 marks) Developed reasons for the advantages. Developed reasons for the disadvantages. Developed reasons for the sustainability/ Level 4 (13-16 marks) Well developed reasons given for the advantages. Well developed reasons for the disadvantages. Well developed reasons as to why their option is sustainable You must: Choose an option Explain why your option is more sustainable than the others Explain why using all 3 options together would be most effective 16 marks

SEE the question: S.E.E. - Social, Environmental, Economic Socially sustainable – protects people and their lives now and in the future Economically sustainable – is cost effective now and in the future. Minimises loss of money now and in the future. May provide money/jobs for people, now and in the future. Environmentally sustainable - Tries to protect/enhance the environment. Does not damage the environment now or in the future STAKEHOLDERS- all those affected

Level 3 (9-12 marks) Level 4 (13-16 marks) I have chosen option 3 to send tools and people to train locals how to farm in drought areas. Sending people to train local people is socially sustainable because if you develop skills of local people, these can be passed on through generations so that people will know how to farm effectively now and in the future. This means that even during drought, people will be able to grow crops and therefore will have a food source. This will ensure that people are healthy and can continue to go to school, work and have a better quality of life. Sending tools is also socially sustainable as people will be able to farm more easily and so work more productively. Its important that the tools can be used and repaired by local people so that they don’t rely on the charity in the future so they are self sufficient. This means the tools should be ‘appropriate technology’. If the technology is simple this will be economically sustainable because…. This is also socially sustainable as it builds on local knowledge…..demi lunes….stone walls Level 2 (5-8 marks) Simple reasons for sustainable/ unsustainable factors Basic understanding of sustainability shown Level 3 (9-12 marks) Developed reasons for sustainable/ unsustainable factors Good understanding of sustainability shown Level 4 (13-16 marks) Well developed reasons for sustainable/ unsustainable factors Clear understanding of sustainability shown

Level 4 (13-16 marks) Well developed reasons for sustainable/ unsustainable factors Clear understanding of sustainability shown Option 1 isn’t sustainable because building a dam is a man-made engineering project which is extremely expensive and so this would not be economically sustainable for an LEDC country who need to spend money on more appropriate things to help the people and the country to develop. It would also be economically unsustainable as it would need skilled workers and technology to help run and maintain the dam in the future which would be even more costs for the country. This is also socially unsustainable because local people will not be employed to construct the dam and may not ever have the skills to maintain it in the future. The technology is too enhanced for the country’s level of development. This plan is also environmentally unsustainable as large scale dams flood huge areas which will destroy habitats. The large scale project will also use resources from outside of the area which may not be environmentally friendly. It will also cause visual pollution which will have a negative effect on the environment.

Students should bring in their own knowledge and not rely on the booklet. They will not get into the top levels if they simply rely on the booklet – so other examples and case studies are useful When we prepare them we should be looking at other places and getting the students used to saying things like “I have chosen to do xxxxxxx as I have seen it successfully used in place Y” If students just lift information from the booklet and repeat it they will get a low mark. They must elaborate upon the statement they have copied (get them to think “so what?” so they go on and explain the significance of the statement they have copied). Top tier candidates should keep the direct lifting of statements from the booklet to a minimum. In point marked questions (ie not “the decision” which comes at the end) there are 3 levels of answer – Level 1: Simple ideas/copied from resource Level 2: Developed idea/explanation Level 3: Further development of ideas from candidates own knowledge

Good luck Believe and Achieve! Find a quiet spot Read the two advice cards we gave you just before the exam, Good luck Believe and Achieve!