ADVANCES IN RF BIOEFFECT MECHANISMS Quirino Balzano*, Asher Sheppard†, Mays Swicord‡ *University of Maryland, ECE Dept., College Park, MD, 20742, USA †Asher Sheppard Consulting, Redlands, CA, 92373, USA ‡ Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33304, USA

DEMODULATION OF LOW FREQUENCY AMPLITUDE MODULATED RF CARRIERS BY LIVING CELLS OR TISSUE

TYPES OF L.F. AMPL. MOD. OF RF CARRIERS SIMPLE ANALOG AMPLITUDE MOD. USED IN AM BROADCAST (FOR NOW) DIGITAL MOD (PSK,FSK,ASK) PULSE MOD. (PWM, PCM,PAM,ADPCM) COMBINATIONS OF ABOVE & QUADRATATURE MODULATION ENGINEERS HAVE FAILED

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF LF AM RF CARRIERS RF>> AM RF=2fRF; fRF MHz to GHz range AM=2fAM; fAM Hz to 20 kHz range

EXAMPLE: PAM AM =2/ TAM TAM RF CARRIER RF

CAN LIVING TISSUE / CELLS DEMOD. RF CARRIERS ? IN PRINCIPLE: YES CELL MEMBRANES SEPARATE TWO LAYERS OF OPPOSITE CHARGES. DIODES OR Voltage Controlled Capacitors WHICH RF LEVELS CAUSE SIGNALS DETACTABLE BY CELL? LF DEMOD. VOLTAGE HIGH ENOUGH. CELL : NOISY LF ENVIRONMENT

CURRENTS AND FIELDS IN LIVING TISSUE DATA of Dr. JOHN BERGERON, PHYSIOLOGIST.

Thresh. Fibrillation in Dog Diastolic Stimulation Dog Threshold Stimulation Nerve or Muscle Cells (J1,J2) Fluctuation in Nerve Impulses

NEEDED DEMODULATED INTERNAL SIGNALS E-FIELDS >100 mV/m VOLTAGE ACROSS MEMBRANE > 10-8 V (100 nm membrane thickness )

ADVANCED METHOD OF DEMOD. DETECTION PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO MEASURE DEMOD. LF E-FIELD. SQUARE NONLINEARITY GIVES 2RF and L.F. 2RF SIGNAL EASY TO DETECT DEVICE TO SUPPORT RF AND 2 RF.

DOUBLY RESONANT CAVITY Point out the two antennas

SAMPLE SUPPORTS Shelf made of low dielectric loss Lexan Sample between two cover slips in Petri dish 3 cm Diameter

DOUBLY RESONANT CAVITY Cavity Length = 27.4 cm Weight ~ 10 kg Cavity ID= 24.9 cm Cavity OD= 27.3 cm Excitation at 887 MHz with loop antenna Detection at 1774 MHz with loop antenna Actively excited mode TE111 (887 MHz) Passively excited mode TE113 (1774 MHz) Power = 0 dBm (CW) SAR= 1W/kg 100 L DOUBLY RESONANT CAVITY

RESULTS TO DATE TWO ATTEMPTS TO DETECT NONLINEARITY 1) IN HF19 HUMAN FIBROBLASTS NO 2RF DETEC. AT –144 dBW. E-FIELD ~ 0.1 mV/m; VOLTAGE ~ 10-11 V 80dB BELOW CELL EXCITATION

RESULTS TO DATE 2) IN RAT BRAIN SLICES NO 2RF DETECTED AT -165 dBW E-FIELD ~ 10-2 mV/m; VOLTAGE~10-13 V. 100 dB BELOW CELL EXCITATION

Thresh. Fibrillation in Dog Diastolic Stimulation Dog Threshold Stimulation Nerve or Muscle Cells (J1,J2) Fluctuation in Nerve Impulses

DIODE IN THE CAVITY 2RF –129 dBW NO LEADS (||E-F.) MICROMETRICS, Inc MZB600-CS25 2.75mm Leads 2RF –112 dBW LEADS||E-FIELD NO DECT 2RF LEADSE-FIELD 2RF –129 dBW NO LEADS (||E-F.) CAN DETECT NONLIN. DEMOD.

CONCLUDING REMARKS PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS DO NOT SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS OF BIOEFFECTS FROM DEMOD. OF ENVIRONMENTAL RF SIGNALS MORE EVIDENCE IS NEEDED BEFORE CLOSING THIS ISSUE EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTS AT HPA (UK) ON CELLS AND TISSUE SLICES

COOPERATION WITH UK’S HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CAVITY DESIGN PROJECT SUPPORTED BY UK’S MOBILE TELEPHONE HEALTH RESERCH (MTHR) COOPERATION WITH UK’S HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ANY QUESTIONS?

VERY GOOD QUESTIONS! THANK YOU!