Human Security Challenges Ｔａｋｅｓｈｉ Ｉｓｈｉｈａｒａ Head of Unit, UN Trust Fund for Human Security Global Issues Cooperation Division Ministry of Foreign Affairs

What is Human Security? Protection Empowerment Freedom from Fear of individuals by government or the international community Freedom from Fear Freedom from Want Direct cross border threats to the individuals Conflicts Terrorism Landmines Small Arms Human Trafficking Poverty Infectious Diseases Natural Disasters Environmental Disruption Currency Crisis Empowerment of individuals and communities to enable them to address the threats by themselves

Essence of Human Security To protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedom and human fulfillment (“Human Security Now” by the Commission on Human Security) A human being, irrespective where he or she is born, is entitled to live a healthy, dignified, fulfilling life. Not only to be protected from various fears and insecurities but to be empowered and to be allowed to develop his or her ability to maximum extent possible. And it is a concern of not only states or those in power but also the international community as a whole. The relationship between states, society, community and individual must be reviewed, in favor of well-being of individual. >>>>> A human-centered , integrated and multi-sectoral approach, focusing on protection and empowering of individuals and communities

Major Initiatives for Promoting Human Security 1990’s Conflicts in the Western Balkans Rwanda 1998-99 Kosovo Human Security Network 2001(Dec) Report on “The Responsibility to Protect” 2004(Sep) Report “A Human Security Doctrine for Europe” 1994 UNDP Human Development Report 1997-98 Asian Financial Crises Human Security Initiatives 1999 UN Trust Fund for Human Security Millennium Summit 2001-02 Commission on Human 2003(May) Report, “Human Security Now” 2005(Sep) UN Summit Outcome Document 2006(Feb) Human Security Workshop (Mexico) 2006(April) OSCE-Thailand Conference on Challenges for Global Security 2006(May) Human Security Network International Symposium 2006(Oct) Friends of Human Security Meeting

2005 World Summit Outcome (WSO) “We stress the right of people to live in freedom and dignity, free from poverty and despair. We recognize that all individuals, in particular the vulnerable people, are entitled to freedom from fear and freedom from want, with an equal opportunity to enjoy all their rights and fully develop their human potential. To this end, we commit our selves to discuss and define the notion of human security in the General Assembly.” (Paragraph 143)

Applying Human Security concept to Japan’s ODA Policies Japan’s ODA Charter: Includes Human Security as one of its basic policies Japan’s ODA Mid-term Policy: Elaborates approaches which apply the perspective of human security to ODA. The United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security: Assists projects formulated by UN Agencies Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects: Assists projects implemented by local entities and NGOs JICA’s (Japan International Cooperation Agency) 7 Perspectives on Human Security　　

Projects funded by Trust Fund for Human Security (by Category) （as of March 31, 2007） Number of Project Budget：US$ Poverty 46 27% 59,816,899.69 24.93% Health 42 25% 37,892,411.88 15.79% Refugees 23 14% 32,567,661.60 13.57% Conflict 14 8% 28,350,481.17 11.82% Disaster 11 7% 13,233,903.10 5.52% Kosovo 50,283,477.07 20.96% Drug 7 4% 7,278,783.57 3.03% Crime 6 5,716,443.84 2.38% Others 5 3% 3,052,696.78 1.27% Climate 4 2% 1,749,124.93 0.73% 169 100% 239,941,883.63 Support staff cost 1 446,741.70 合計 170 240,388,625.33

Projects funded by Trust Fund for Human Security (by Region) （as of March 31, 2007） Number of Projects Budget (US$) ASIA 67 40% 71,690,240.06 30% AFRICA 49 29% 70,826,360.05 EUROPE 13 8% 52,475,600.56 22% OCEANIA 9 5% 5,660,475.91 2% Latin AMRERICA 11,739,729.24 OTHERS 8 5,152,631.29 MULTI REGIONAL 6 4% 9,400,442.70 CARIB 5 3% 4,986,643.92 MIDDLE EAST 3 8,009,759.90 TOTAL 169 100% 239,941,883.63 Support staff cost 1 446,741.70 170 240,388,625.33

Japan’s ODA Charter Perspective of “Human Security” In order to address direct threats to individuals such as conflicts, disasters, infectious diseases, it is important not only to consider the global, regional, and national perspectives, but also to consider the perspective of human security, which focuses on individuals. Accordingly, Japan will implement ODA to strengthen the capacity of local communities through human resource development. To ensure that human dignity is maintained at all stages, from the conflict stage to the reconstruction and development stages, Japan will extend assistance for the protection and empowerment of individuals.

JICA’s Efforts on Human Security Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) considers assistance based on the following perspectives to be important Reaching those in need through a people-centered approach Empowering people as well as protecting them Focusing on the most vulnerable people, whose survival, livelihood and dignity are at risk Comprehensively addressing both “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear” Responding to people’s needs by assessing and addressing threats through flexible and inter-sectoral approaches Working with both governments and local communities to realize sustainable development Strengthening partnership with various actors to achieve a higher impact from assistance

Assistance for Supporting Chernobyl-Affected Individuals in Ukraine Examples of Projects Assistance for Supporting Chernobyl-Affected Individuals in Ukraine Chornobyl Recovery and Development Programme　 (UNDP/ Ukraine) After 20 years of the nuclear accident, residents in the Chernobyl-affected areas continue to suffer from poor health and poverty. The programme aims at supporting social, economic and ecological recovery and development of disaster affected areas in Ukraine. The main activities are; 1) Promoting greater local self-governance in the affected areas through the　　 　　　　　participatory community development activities; 2) Providing advisory services and development support to policy-makers, administrators and institutions supporting Chernobyl recovery and development efforts; 3) Supporting information and educational services to improve the health and 　　well-being of those living in Chernobyl contaminated territories.

Examples of Projects Improving Human Security through Provision of Drinking Water Complying with the WHO Recommendation for Arsenic 　(UNIDO/ Bangladesh) 　　　During the late 1970’s to 1980’s the Bangladeshi Government installed tube wells to decline waterborne diseases and now about 97% of the population rely on tube well water for living. However, it is reported that most of the wells are severely contaminated with arsenic, which surpass the maximum level of WHO recommendation and the people are facing the risk of arsenic toxicity. The project aims at raising awareness of arsenic related health hazards, providing medical support, and installing arsenic removal units in pilot communities. The project increased awareness among the targeted people and communities regarding risks of arsenic through sensitization activities and improved the access to arsenic safe water by installation of arsenic removal units.