Chapter 19 Listen to 20th Century Art Music

Post Tonal Music Chromaticism Atonality Emperor's New Clothes Choose carefully

Post Tonal Music Atonality Impressionism Serialism Indeterminancy Minimalism

Indeterminancy Challenges definition of music The element of chance Instructions, limited notation Music “undermined”

Indeterminancy 4’33” What is music? John Cage Pianist Arnold Schoenberg, Henry Cowell Percussion ensemble Prepared piano Silence? Music?

Impressionism Painting Impressions not precision Claude Monet (1840–1926) Edgar Degas (1834–1917) Auguste Renoir (1841–1919)

Impressionism Music Erik Satie (1866-1925) Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) Reaction against German chromaticism Erik Satie (1866-1925) Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Impressionism Claude Debussy Paris Conservatory Prix de Rome Non-traditional harmony Despised everything German

Impressionism Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Premier 1894 Ballet 1912 Program music (poem as inspiration) Faun waking, chasing nymphs, retiring Atonal Composition stands without program

Impressionism Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Repetition Form: A B A Clear orchestration The orchestration calls for:     3 Flutes     2 Oboes     2 Clarinets     4 Horns     2 Harps     Violin I & II     Violas     Cellos     Contrabasses

Impressionism Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Section A Section B A A B C Section B D D D E A A A A Score

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Basically self taught Emancipation of dissonance Break music away from tonality (Atonality) Book of Hanging Gardens Pierrot Lunaire Following WWI – developed serialism Jewish – WWII left Berlin Academy of Arts United States University of California Los Angeles University of Southern California http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Second Viennese School Arnold Schoenberg (leader-teacher) Alban Berg (1885-1935) Traditional genres Use serialism selectively as it suited him Anton Webern (1883-1945) All compositions short and intense Loyal to principles of serialism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) Not often performed Most influential composer of 20th century Pierre Boulez (b.1925) Total Serialism Serializing Dynamics Rhythm Instrumentation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

12 Tone Row (Serialism) Each chromatic pitch must be used Any rhythm Melodically Harmonically Combination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

12 Tone Row (Serialism) Prime Row Retrograde Row Inversion Row http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows Retrograde-Inversion Row Transposition

Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Harmony: 12 Tone Meter: Arhythmic Orchestration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Theme http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows 1:31 in recording

Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 Variation III Prime row French Horn Retrograde Inversion Transposed ^5 pitches Retrograde Inversion Row Transposed up 9 chromatic pitches Trumpet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows 5:44 in recording

Minimalism Minimal ideas in repetition Reaction against: Indeterminancy Serialism Avant-garde The counter-culture of the 1960’s Pop music Non-Western music http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

John Adams (b. 1947) Harvard San Francisco Conservatory Composer in residence: San Francisco Symphony Orchestra Nixon in China The Death of Klingerhoffer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Short Ride in a Fast Machine “You know how it is when someone asks you to ride in a terrific sports car, and then you wish you hadn’t.” Form: Ternary A B A Orchestration calls for: 2 Flutes (piccolo) 2 Oboes (English horn) 4 Clarinets 3 Bassoons (contrabassoon) 4 Horns 4 Trumpets 3 Trombones Tuba Strings Percussion: Timpani, Woodblock, Triangle, Xylophone, Crotales, Glockenspiel, Suspended Cymbal, Sizzle Cymbal, Snare Drum, Pedal Bass Drum, Large Bass Drum, Large Gong, Tambourine 2 Synthesizers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Short Ride in a Fast Machine A: Steady Woodblock Woodwinds “Spinning Wheels” B: Hemiola A: “Spinning Wheels” Long melody on top http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows

Modern Techniques Avant-garde Impressionism Serialism Indeterminancy Minimalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5dOI2MtvbA Video on 12 Tone Rows