Types of Farming in LDCs: Shifting Cultivation (aka “slash and burn”) Pastoral Nomadism Intensive Subsistence Agriculture (Wet Rice and Non Wet Rice Varieties) Plantation Farming Types of Farming in MDCs: Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Dairy Farming Grain Farming Livestock Ranching Mediterranean Agriculture Commercial Garden and Fruit Farming (aka “truck” farming)

World Grain Exporters, 2010

So, India has no food problem, right? World Grain Exporters, 2010 So, India has no food problem, right?

Number of Undernourished People, millions

Global Hunger Index (worst countries), 2014 12. Madagascar 21.9 13. Central Republic African 21.5 14. Niger 21.1 15. Mozambique 20.5 16. Lao PDR 20.1 17. Burkina Faso 19.9 18. Djibouti 19.5 19. Bangladesh 19.1 20. Pakistan 21. Congo, Republic 18.1 22. India 17.8 Country GHI 1. Burundi 35.6 2. Eritrea 33.8 3. Timor-Leste 29.8 4. Comoros 29.5 5. Sudan/South Sudan 26.0 6. Chad 24.9 7. Ethiopia 24.4 8. Yemen, Republic 23.4 9. Zambia 23.2 10. Haiti 23.0 11. Sierra Leone 22.5 30 and above = emergency situation (India improved from 10th to 22nd worst between 2005 and 2014)

Global Hunger Index Map, 2014

GHI winners and losers (1990-2014)

FIGURE 10-33

FIGURE 10-4a

FIGURE 10-4

Percent of Labor Force in Agriculture FIGURE 10-5

FIGURE 10-12

FIGURE 10-15

Milk Production FIGURE 10-17

Wheat Production FIGURE 10-19

Meat Production FIGURE 10-21

Know your Von Thunen FIGURE 10-24

Von Thunen…still relevant? Inference of Von Thunen's Model to Continental United StatesSignificant improvements in transport technology took place since Von Thunen designed his agricultural land use model. For instance with rail systems, it became much more cost effective to transport agricultural commodities over longer distances. Further, refrigeration enabled to move perishable products cost-effectively over long distances. Since most of the American agricultural landscape was established in the late 19th and early 20th century, agricultural land use was much less constrained by transport costs than its European and Asian counterparts. Large scale agricultural regions thus emerged where agricultural land use was influence by distance from major markets and by local geographical conditions. As such, it is possible to apply Von Thunen's assumption to agricultural land use over the continental United States.Figure A represents what the agricultural land use would be if the most basic assumptions were applied, namely the market located at New York (or BostWash), crops being ranked by comparative rent paying abilities and considering ubiquitous geographical characteristics. Although this representation has some level of concordance with reality, it inaccurately portrays agricultural land use in the United States. Figure B includes one supplementary assumption that considers climate variations, where the north is colder than the south. This constraint has a significant impact on agricultural land use as even if for a location a crop would have a higher rent paying ability, another crop would be grown because climatic conditions forbids it. The resulting agricultural land use has a much higher level of correspondence with reality.

Desertification Danger FIGURE 10-29

FIGURE 10-28

FIGURE 10-34

FIGURE 10-33

FIGURE 10-4a

FIGURE 10-4

FIGURE 10-5

FIGURE 10-12

FIGURE 10-15

FIGURE 10-17

FIGURE 10-19

FIGURE 10-21

FIGURE 10-24

FIGURE 10-29

FIGURE 10-28

FIGURE 10-34