Global Cooling ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Paleoclimatology Redistribution of oxygen isotopes: Interglacial ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

- + Vostok ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Natural Causes for Climate Change Solar Fluctuations Orbital Fluctuations Volcanic Emissions Plate Tectonics Changing Ocean Circulation ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Solar Fluctuations Solar Fluctuation Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Milankovitch theory of climate change: Eccentricity: 400 ka and 100 ka Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Shortwave energy per square meter will decrease at lower sun angles and shorter daylight periods. Energy Budget animate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Milankovitch theory of climate change: Obliquity: 41 ka Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Milankovitch theory of climate change: Axial Precession: 23 ka Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Milankovitch theory of climate change: Glacial Ice Growth Configuration: High eccentricity High Tilt Small Earth-Sun Distance in Summer Net Effect: More seasonal contrast Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Milankovitch theory of climate change: Inter- Glacial Ice Growth Configuration: Low eccentricity Low Tilt Large Earth-Sun Distance in Summer Net Effect: Less seasonal contrast Use this template to create Intranet web pages for your workgroup or project. You can modify the sample content to add your own information, and you can even change the structure of the web site by adding and removing slides. The navigation controls are on the slide master. To change them, on the View menu, point to Master, then choose Slide Master. To add or remove hyperlinks on text or objects, or to change existing hyperlinks, select the text or object, then choose Hyperlink from the Insert menu. When you’re finished customizing, delete these notes to save space in your final HTML files. For more information, ask the Answer Wizard about: The Slide Master Hyperlinks ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

GOOD NEWS: It has been possible to reproduce past climates using Milankovitch theory plus changes observed in greenhouse gas concentrations. BAD NEWS: Changes were slow and we have little experience modeling rapid change. Climate Models ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate Models ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Paleoclimatology Changes in CO2 (0 - 12,500 YBP) NOW ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Energy Budget ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate Glacial retreat of North American ice sheets (1000s of years) ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

1-meter rise of sea level equivalent to 0 1-meter rise of sea level equivalent to 0.4 million cubic kilometers of ice Sea Level Change ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Sea Level Change 1-meter rise of sea level equivalent to 0.4 million cubic kilometers of ice ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate RAPID Changes in Climate Happen Warmer Cooler ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

CaCO3shells of ocean plankton from the Norwegian Sea and the Gulf of Mexico record pulses of low d18O meltwater delivery from nearby ice sheets. [from Ruddiman, 2001] Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

CaCO3shells of ocean plankton from the Norwegian Sea and the Gulf of Mexico record pulses of low d18O meltwater delivery from nearby ice sheets. [from Ruddiman, 2001] Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Climate During deglaciation the direction of drainage changed. [from Ruddiman, 2001] Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

CaCO3shells of ocean plankton from the Norwegian Sea and the Gulf of Mexico record pulses of low d18O meltwater delivery from nearby ice sheets. [from Ruddiman, 2001] Climate ©2004, Perry Samson, University of Michigan