Chapter 22 The Roaring Twenties (1919-1929)

Essential Question: How did the nation react to change in the 1920’s? Section 1: Adjusting to Peacetime (p736-740)

Return to Normalcy [1] Describe three problems the nation faced after WW I 1. Economic Recession – munitions factories shut down, returning soldiers found it difficult to find jobs 2. Strikes – 1919, 4 million (1/5th labor force) went on strike Fear that communism would overthrow the government

Red Scare

The Harding Administration [2] What did Harding promise Americans? A return to “normalcy”

[3] Name and describe a major scandal that occurred as a result of Harding’s administration Teapot Dome Scandal Albert Fall, Secretary of the Interior, secretly leased government lands to an oil man and received a bribe of $400,00. He was the first cabinet member to go to prison.

Foreign Policy [4] How did Coolidge respond to events in Nicaragua? When revolution broke out in 1926, Coolidge sent troops to protect American business interests

[5] Describe Communism An economic and political system in which the state owns the means of production and a single party rules

The Red Scare Sacco & Vanzetti http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3SuTTcj2u8 (Sacco & Vanzetti 2:00 min) [6] Who were Sacco & Vanzetti and why is their case so controversial? Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants who were charged with robbing and murdering two payroll employees in Massachusetts. The prosecution had little evidence to present but focused mostly on their being foreigners and anarchists. They were found guilty in 1921 and executed in 1927.

Limiting Immigration [7] Describe the effects of the Red Scare (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zywzzl9AiU The First Red Scare 2:13 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5yf2UHsA9s Americas Reaction to Communism 9:38 min) Limiting Immigration [7] Describe the effects of the Red Scare The Red Scare occurred because of the fear of the spread of communism, post war strikes, and bombings that were the work of self proclaimed anarchists. As a result, thousands of anarchists (people who oppose organized government), Communists, or “Reds”, were hunted down and arrested. Many were deported, or expelled from the country.

Due to fear about radical “new immigrants” and competition for jobs, new limits were placed on immigration. In 1924 and 1929, Quota Acts were passed significantly limiting the number of immigrants. Asian immigrants were completely prohibited

Section 2: Changes in American History p.741-745 Focus Question: How did social change and conflict mark the 1920’s? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SclJ94h2oyQ (The Roaring 20’s 7 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfOR1XCMf7A (Crash course in US History #?, 13 minutes)

Prohibition [8] What was the purpose of the eighteenth Amendment and why did it fail? The 18th Amendment introduced prohibition making it illegal to produce, transport, or sell alcohol. One reason was to conserve grain for WWI The law proved almost impossible to enforce. It was easy to smuggle into the country and bootleggers made huge profits Speakeasies could be found in nearly every large town. Huge profits also led to the growth of organized crime.

Changing lives of Women [9] What Amendment allowed women to vote in 1920? (Women voted in the election of 1920)

[10] What is a “flapper”? A young woman of the 1920’s who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting was called a flapper. She wore bright makeup, short skirts, and short bobbed hairstyles.

Women's fashion 1900 and 1915

A New Mass Culture Impact of the Automobile [11] How did the automobile change American society Henry Ford’s mass produced, affordable, “Model T” allowed middle class and some working class families to buy cars. The automobile became a symbol of freedom and independence. It created many new businesses: gas stations, roadside restaurants, motels. It allowed for the growth of suburbs and tourism.

Social Conflict The Scopes “Monkey” Trail [12] What was the Scopes Trial about & what was the verdict? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9IO4dj_BqQ (Scopes Monkey, Trial 3:15 min) Some people feared the rapid social and economic changes of the 1920’s 1925, John Scopes a biology teacher in Dayton, TN was found guilty of teaching the theory of evolution. The trial caused a sensation.

Section 3: The Jazz Age p.746-750 Focus Question: What arts and culture symbolized the Jazz Age? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjxpYsTjNPk (The Jazz Age, 5:15 min)

Fads & Heroes [13] Name two prominent heroes of the 1920’s and describe what they were associated with Babe Ruth - Baseball Charles Lindberg – first person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927

An American Sound [14] Why did jazz spread? As African Americans headed north (the Great Migration) so did the sound of Jazz. The Great Migration

Literature of the 1920’s [15] What novel is F Literature of the 1920’s [15] What novel is F. Scott Fitzgerald most known for and what is it about? “The Great Gatsby” Captured the luxurious society of the wealthy but also showed the emptiness of rich people’s lives. He called attention to the excess of the 1920’s.

The Harlem Renaissance [16] What is the Harlem Renaissance? In Harlem, New York City, thousands of migrant African American writers, poets and musicians reacted against the prejudice they experienced while expressing their hopes.

[17] Who is Langston Hughes and why is his work significant? Hughes is considered one of the greatest African American poets. His poems express a sense of injustice along with a sense of optimism and patriotism that instilled a sense of pride and hope.

I, Too, Sing America By Langston Hughes

Dreams By Langston Hughes

Mother to Son http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX9tHuI7zVo (1:42 min)

Section 4: The Economy of the 1920’s p. 752- 755 Focus Question: What economic problems threatened the economic boom of the 1920’s? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAS7xGIUlck (Set to music “Everybody’s Changing”, causes of the economic boom 5:00 min)

Industrial Growth [18] Describe some of the causes of the industrial boom of the late 1920’s Industrial production grew 70%, 1922-1928 As more goods were produced, prices dropped Rising incomes gave consumers more to spend Installment buying or buying on credit encouraged spending New forms of advertising, chain stores, mail-order catalogs led to a new consumer culture New consumer appliances lightened the household workload (washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, toasters) Government policies like high tariffs on imports and low taxes on the wealthy

Led Americans to develop reckless spending patterns

A Booming Stock Market [19] What was the impact of a booming (Bull) stock market? With a strong economy more people chose to invest in the stock market. Stocks were so profitable people began buying “on margin” (borrowing money to buy stocks).

Signs of Trouble What American’s did not share in the prosperity of the 1920’s? 1/5th of Americans lived on farms. Farmers did not participate in the good times. WHY? Surpluses led to low prices War time debt to buy more land and equipment became impossible to pay back The assembly line system was squeezing out skilled labor

The Election of 1928 What did presidential candidate Herbert Hoover pledge to give every American in his election campaign? “A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage” a “final triumph over poverty”