Post 1800’s-early 20th century Currents of Thought Post 1800’s-early 20th century

Vocabulary religious orders: Catholic religious orders are, historically, a category of Catholic religious institutes. Examples include the Carmelites, the Dominican Order, and the Order of Saint Augustine. Doctrine: a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other groups Denominational Schools: school boards separated by religion ie Catholic and Protestant Boards Nationalism of survival: a nationalism based on the idea that maintaining the Catholic church, French culture and language was essential to the survival of French Canadians in Canada Anticlericalism: a position opposing the control of the church in the political sphere Excommunicate: to exclude someone from a religious community Social Reformism: ADVOCATES SOCIAL CHANGE TO COMBAT POVERTY AND OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALISATION Feminism: REOGNITION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY

Catholic Church and Ultramontanism Ignace Bourget the bishop of Montreal received authorization to bring over the more religious orders….greatly increasing the representatives of the church Ultramontanism is the political and religious doctrine that believes the catholic church should be the highest power in all aspects of society especially in Political power This belief influenced life in the colony after 1840 and allied with the reformers. The told people to vote for the reformers in exchange for laws putting the church in Charge of education, hospitals and orphanages Laws such as the School act adopted in 1841 strengthened the churches position in education and led to denominational schools The church was involved in all levels of education from primary to University

Survival Nationalism The Church served to defend the French People from assimilation in the face of Massive British Immigration This nationalism places the church as the center of the French Canadian Identity Thus only the church’s protection could safeguard the survival of the French Canadians by protecting the ideas of Farm Family and Church

Anticlericalism 1844 young professionals and intellectuals created the Institut Canaidien du Montreal as a place where people could freely express ideas and enjoy the pursuit of knowledge in complete freedom In 1847 The institute created their own newspaper L’Avenir to spread their ideas The catholic church became upset with the tolerance and freedom of thought advocated by the institute, the fact that their library made books available forbidden by the Vatican made this issue worse in the eyes of the church In 1858 Bourget tells the institute they should conform to the accepted teachings of the church only. Moderate members leave and form the Institute Canadien-FraNCaise to conform to this demand THE RADICAL MEMBERS FOUGHT THE CHURCH AND WERE KNOWN AS ANTI-CLERICALS IN 1868 AT THE BEHEST OF Bourget the Pope excommunicates all MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUT Canadien du Montreal

Role of Women Industrialisation intensified inequalities in society Many women were involved in social reformism as their roles as mothers but over time they added political demands for suffrage and rights. tHis is the beginning of the Quebec feminism movement Women had few rights legally as they needed the consent of their fathers or Husbands to act, they could not vote or run for public office Women who owned land could vote until this right was revoked by Baldwin and Lafontaine’s government in 1849. This right would not be restored in Quebec until 1940 Women were limited in their opportunities in education and work

Culture and Literature Patriotic writing fueled the beliefs in Survival Nationalism and spread by organisations such as The Ecole Litteraire de montreal and had a great influence on the literature of the 20th century The Ecole Litteraire de montreal incuded famous poets such as louis Dantin, Albert Ferland. Albert Lozeau and Emille Nelligan Women’s literature also emerged during this time. Women began to right more information about themselves and their lives in short stories, poems and other forms which were often printed in Magazines in serial form Art during this period turned to landscapes instead of portraits in connection to rising Nationalism