Energy Transformations: Photosynthesis & Respiration IN 81 & 83 Headings Vocabulary Important Info

ATP & ADP ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates Energy storing molecule, only stores “E” for a few minutes Source of all cell energy When 1 phosphate group breaks off “E” is released!!! Adenine 3 Phosphate groups Ribose

ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate Adenine + ribose + 2 phosphates Molecule that results from ATP losing 1 “P” Another “P” may be added later ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

You get energy from the food you eat. Where does the energy in food come from? Almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism = SUN. Figure 1 below shows how energy flows through living systems. 1. PLANT CONVERTS LIGHT “E” TO CHEMICAL “E” 2. RABBITS GET “E” BY EATING PLANTS 3. FOXES GET “E” FROM EATING RABBITS

Overview Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: Process using “E” from sunlight to convert water and CO2  oxygen and carbohydrates (sugar) Two parts: Light dependent reactions: produce O2 & converts ADP to ATP Calvin cycle (dark reactions): use ATP from light reactions to produce sugars Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

The Stages of Photosynthesis Stage 1 Energy is captured from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, Temporarily stored in ATP and the “E” carrier molecule NADPH. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, Using carbon dioxide Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and algae and in the cell membrane of certain prokaryotes.

These are the substances are used and produced during each stage of photosynthesis?

Why Plants Look Green Many people think that plants are green because plants use green light during photosynthesis. In fact, plants do NOT use green light Instead red and blue light are used. Plants look green because they contain chlorophyll: reflects green and yellow light absorbs blue and red light.

FORMULA for PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chloroplast Sugars Chloroplast Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle

Cellular Respiration Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down food when oxygen is present Formula: 6C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Fermentation: respiration without oxygen present Two types: Alcoholic Fermentation: form ethyl alcohol and CO2 as waste products; used to make bread rise Lactic acid Fermentation: produces lactic acid in muscles when exercising without enough oxygen

NAD+ IS AN ELECTRON CARRIER GLYCOLYSIS 1ST STAGE IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE IS BROKEN IN ½ = 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID 3-CARBON COMPOUND NAD+ IS AN ELECTRON CARRIER

How Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Relate Almost opposite processes Photosynthesis produces food (store) Respiration breaks down food (releases) Photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases O2 Respiration releases CO2 and uses O2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS SONG (Tune: Mambo # 5) A little bit of CARBON-DE-OXIDE A little bit of WATER on the side A little bit of SUNLIGHT all day long Makes SUGAR (kiss) and OXYGEN (breathe) to keep us STRONG!!!