Introduction to Database Systems CAS CS 460/660 Introduction to Database Systems Fall 2017

About the course – Administrivia Instructor: George Kollios, gkollios@cs.bu.edu MCS 283, Mon 2:30-4:00 PM and Tue 1:00-2:30 PM Teaching Fellows: Mona Jalal, jalal@bu.edu EMA 309, Tue/Thu 2:00-3:15 PM and Fri 10:15-11:45 AM Baichuan Zhou, baichuan@bu.edu EMA 309, Wed 2:30-4:30 PM and Thu 2:30-4:30PM Home Page: http://www.cs.bu.edu/fac/gkollios/cs460f17 Check frequently! Syllabus, schedule, assignments, announcements… Piazza site (you will be added soon)

Textbook Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke, "Database Management Systems", McGraw-Hill, Third Edition. 2002.

Grading CS460 Homeworks: 25% Midterm: 20% Final: 30% Programming Assignments: 25% examples: Implement a Web application using a DBMS Use a NoSQL system to analyze large datasets (tentative) Use Amazon Cloud Services to perform data analysis on a large dataset

Grading CS660 Homeworks: 20% Midterm: 20% Final: 25% Programming Assignments: 25% Extra Assignments: 10%

What is a Database? Database: A very large collection (of files) of related data Examples: Accounts in a bank, BU’s students database, Airline reservations… also, facebook pictures and comments, web logs, etc… Models a real world enterprise: Entities (e.g., teams, games / students, courses) Relationships (e.g., student takes CS460) Even active components (e.g. “business logic”)

What is a Data Base Management System? Data Base Management System (DBMS): A software package/system that can be used to store, manage and retrieve data from databases that persist for long periods of time! Examples: Oracle, IBM DB2, MS SQLServer, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite,… Database System: DBMS+data (+ applications)

Why Study Databases?? Shift from computation to data (information) Always true for corporate computing More and more true in the scientific world and of course, Web New trend: social media generate ever increasing amount of data, sensor devices generate also huge datasets DBMS encompasses much of CS in a practical discipline OS, languages, theory, AI, logic

Why Databases?? Why not store everything on flat files: use the file system of the OS, cheap/simple… Name, Course, Grade John Smith, CS112, B Mike Stonebraker, CS234, A Jim Gray, CS560, A John Smith, CS560, B+ ………………… Yes, but has many problems…

Problem 1 Data Organization Why this is a problem? Wasted space redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Name, Course, Email, Grade John Smith, js@cs.bu.edu, CS112, B Mike Stonebraker, ms@cs.bu.edu, CS234, A Jim Gray, CS560, jg@cs.bu.edu, A John Smith, CS560, js@cs.bu.edu, B+ Why this is a problem? Wasted space Potential inconsistencies (multiple formats, John Smith vs Smith J.)

Problem 2 Data retrieval: We need the retrieval to be: Find the students registered for CS460 Find the students with GPA > 3.5 For every query we need to write a program! We need the retrieval to be: Easy to write Execute efficiently

Problem 3 Data Integrity No support for sharing: Prevent simultaneous modifications No coping mechanisms for system crashes No means of Preventing Data Entry Errors (checks must be hard-coded in the programs) Security problems Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

Data Organization Two levels of data modeling Conceptual or Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : integer; end; Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Also, External (View) level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.

A logical architecture for a database system View of Data A logical architecture for a database system

Database Schema Schema – the structure of the database e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them Analogous to type information of a variable in a program Physical schema: database design at the physical level Logical schema: database design at the logical level

Data Organization Data Models: a framework for describing data relationships data semantics data constraints Entity-Relationship model We will concentrate on Relational model Other models: object-oriented model semi-structured data models, XML

Relational Model Example of tabular data in the relational model Attributes Example of tabular data in the relational model customer- name customer- street customer- city account- number Customer-id 192-83-7465 019-28-3746 321-12-3123 Johnson Smith Jones Alma North Main Palo Alto Rye Harrison A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217

Data Organization Data Storage Where can data be stored? Main memory Secondary memory (hard disks) Optical storage (DVDs) Tertiary store (tapes) Move data? Determined by buffer manager Mapping data to files? Determined by file manager

Data retrieval Queries Query = Declarative data retrieval describes what data, not how to retrieve it Ex. Give me the students with GPA > 3.5 vs Scan the student file and retrieve the records with gpa>3.5 Why? Easier to write Efficient to execute (why?)

SQL SQL: widely used (declarative) non-procedural language E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select customer.customer-name from customer where customer.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’ and depositor.account-number = account.account-number Procedural languages: C++, Java, relational algebra

Data retrieval: Indexing How to answer fast the query: “Find the student with SID = 101”? One approach is to scan the student table, check every student, retrurn the one with id=101… very slow for large databases Any better idea? 1st keep student record over the SID. Do a binary search…. Updates… 2nd Use a dynamic search tree!! Allow insertions, deletions, updates and at the same time keep the records sorted! In databases we use the B+-tree (multiway search tree) 3rd Use a hash table. Much faster for exact match queries… but cannot support Range queries. (Also, special hashing schemes are needed for dynamic data)

B+Tree Example B=4 Root 120 150 180 30 100 3 5 11 120 130 180 200 30 35 100 101 110 150 156 179

Data Integrity Transaction processing Why Concurrent Access to Data must be Managed? John and Jane withdraw $50 and $100 from a common account… Initial balance $300. Final balance=? It depends… Jane: 1. get balance 2. if balance > $100 3. balance = balance - $100 4. update balance John: 1. get balance 2. if balance > $50 3. balance = balance - $50 4. update balance

Data Integrity Recovery Transfer $50 from account A ($100) to account B ($200) 1. get balance for A 2. If balanceA > $50 3. balanceA = balanceA – 50 4.Update balanceA in database 5. Get balance for B 6. balanceB = balanceB + 50 7. Update balanceB in database System crashes…. Recovery management

Database Architecture DB Programmer User DBA Code w/ embedded queries Query DDL Commands Query Optimizer DML Precompiler DDL Interpreter Query Evaluator Query Processor Transaction Manager File Manager Recovery Manager Buffer Manager Storage Manager Secondary Storage Indices Data Metadata Statistics Integrity Constraints Schema

Big Data and NoSQL Large amount of data are collected and stored everyday Can come from different sources, huge amounts, large update rates Examples: facebook needs to handle: 2.7 billion “likes”, 400 million images, 500+ TB per day!!, Google receives more than 1 billion queries per day! Question: How to utilize these datasets in order to help us on our goals: Data Analytics: Try to analyze the data in order to find useful, unknown and actionable information in the data Cluster based data analytics: Map-Reduce, shared nothing DBs NoSQL: trade something for improved performance (usually: ACID properties, flexibility, functionality)

Outline 1st half of the course: application-oriented How to develop database applications: User + DBA 2nd part of the course: system-oriented Learn the internals of a relational DBMS (developer for Oracle..)