The New South: Segregation and Discrimination SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. a. Evaluate the impact the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system had on Georgia during this period. b. Analyze how rights were denied to African-Americans through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence. c. Explain the roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon.

Racial Equality – Review The 14th Amendment declared that all persons born in the US were citizens, except Native Americans. The 15th Amendment said that the right to vote could not be denied to any US citizen on account of race, color, or previous servitude. African Americans had gained the legal right to participate in Southern political activity. Most whites could not accept this.

Preventing the Right to Vote Disfranchisement – depriving a person of one of the rights of citizenship; such as the right to vote. Poll Tax – fee that had to be paid before a person could vote (designed to prevent African Americans and even poor whites from voting) Literacy Tests and Understanding Clause – test and understanding clause determined if people could read and understand the Constitution. Remember, many African Americans hadn’t learned how or were just beginning to read or write Grandfather Clause – blocked African Americans from registering to vote – if a man’s grandfather had voted in an election before, the man could vote.

Jim Crow Laws Laws created to keep whites and blacks separated The Supreme Court said that the Constitution allowed segregation of public places. Georgia was the first state to pass the Jim Crow laws. African Americans thought these laws were unconstitutional.

“It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers.” —Birmingham, Alabama, 1930 “Marriages are void when one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, or Chinese blood.” —Nebraska, 1911 “Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school.” —Missouri, 1929 “All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations.” —Tennessee, 1891

African Americans Protest African Americans protested the Jim Crow Laws in public meetings throughout the nation. Henry McNeal Turner called the new civil rights laws and the segregation that followed, “barbarous.”

Plessy v. Ferguson In 1892, Homer Plessy bought a train ticket from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. Because he was 7/8 white and 1/8 black, he took a seat in the “whites only” car. When he refused to move, he was arrested under the “Jim Crow Laws” which required separate-but-equal accommodations for whites and blacks on railroad cars.

Plessy v. Ferguson The Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were NOT unconstitutional. This meant that African Americans and whites would not use the same facilities. Separate bathrooms, transportation systems, restaurants, parks, etc.

Racial Violence Lynching – involved shooting or hanging of individuals – mostly black men Mobs would roam the streets looking for the first African American they could find and took their anger out on that person. Many people were lynched in the US, mostly in the South.

Atlanta Race Riot of 1906 In the governor’s race of 1906, the two main candidates, Hoke Smith and Clark Howell, campaigned to take away the vote from African-American Georgians. Later, Atlanta newspapers falsely reported that African-Americans were attacking white women. A white mob started a riot, attacking homes and businesses of African-Americans The rioting ended a few days later, and hundreds were injured. 15-30 African-Americans were killed.

African American Reactions African Americans disagreed about their role in Southern society. Should they accept segregation or fight for their rights? Booker T. Washington Said African Americans should focus on their learning skills and gaining economic strength Believed that they had to earn their respect and the right to demand equality He also reminded whites that the African American work force had created the wealth of the South

W.E. B. DuBois Did not agree with Booker T. Washington Highly respected sociology professor at Atlanta University He believed that African Americans deserved equal access to the political, social, and economic worlds of the South. He also believed African Americans deserved the same education as whites.

John and Lugenia Burns Hope John Hope – returned to GA to promote liberal education for black Americans. Believed in total equality with whites First black president of Atlanta Baptist College CIC’s (Committee on Interracial Cooperation) first president Lugenia Burns Hope – worked to improve the lives of African Americans Created the Neighborhood Union (worked to improve African Americans’ living conditions) Provided financial aid for needy families and pressured city leaders to improve roads, lighting, and sanitation in African American neighborhoods in Atlanta

Alonzo F. Herndon Whites would not work or provide services for African Americans African American businessman who owned a barber shop that catered to whites. In 1905, Herndon stepped up and created the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association, which sold policies to African Americans. As African American businesses grew, black business and entertainment districts emerged.

Leo Frank Case 29 years old Jewish man from New York Moved to Atlanta to work as superintendent of the National Pencil Company factory. Charged with the murder of Mary Phagan (14 year old employee) With little evidence, Frank was convicted and sentenced to death. Frank was convicted of the murder, but his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment . Two months later, Frank was taken from the prison by an angry mob, brought back to Marietta, and lynched by a group calling themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan. Ku Klux Klan was reborn

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded in 1909 by whites and African Americans who were concerned about treatment of African Americans W.E.B. DuBois was one of its founding members One of the goals was to stop lynchings in the South The NAACP was effective in publicizing the violent side of Southern culture

Activity Create a double bubble map or Venn diagram that compares/contrasts W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington. You need at least four details for each section of your graphic organizer. Then, write a five sentence paragraph that describes which view you agree with the most. Do you support Washington or DuBois’s idea on racial equality?