Presidents of the Republic of Texas 9/14/2018 10:41 AM Presidents of the Republic of Texas A New Nation Chapters 12 & 14 © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Presidents of the Republic Name of President (in order) Year Elected Vice President Capital Ad Interim: David G. Burnet  appointed Lorenzo de Zavala Columbia 1. Sam Houston 1836   Mirabeau B. Lamar Houston 2.   3. 4.

Sam Houston Annexation Favored annexation Campaign promise to bring TX into the United States. Houston sent William H. Wharton & Memucan Hunt to Washington, D.C. to work for diplomatic recognition and annexation U.S. would not consider annexation and hesitated to offer recognition Did not want to anger Mexico Northerners did not want to admit a state that allowed slavery March 3, 1837: U.S. recognizes the Republic of Texas © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Sam Houston Education leave blank 9/14/2018 10:41 AM © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Sam Houston Military • No money to pay or equip the military • Felix Huston, commander of the army who wanted to invade Mexico and many late-arriving volunteers from the U.S. backed him. • Houston placed all but 600 soldiers on leave and never recalled them to active duty. • Houston used the Texas Rangers to keep peace along the frontier. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Sam Houston Native Americans • Sympathetic to Native Americans supported peaceful solution (Houston had lived with the Cherokee Indians and his Indian name was “the Raven”) Republic could not afford an Indian war • Negotiated treaty with Cherokees; Senate refused to ratify • Cherokee Chief Bowles (aka Duwali) tried to help Texans achieve peace • Cynthia Ann Parker, a young girl, captured by Comanches in 1836 • Texans build forts and encourage trade with Indians to reduce conflict and to protect Texans on the plains. Why did some Texans oppose Houston’s peaceful American Indian policy? © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Cynthia Ann Parker

Sam Houston Finances 9/14/2018 10:41 AM Texas was $1.25 million in debt when S. Houston took office Government printed paper money, but it had no silver or gold to back it up © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Sam Houston Other 9/14/2018 10:41 AM James Pinckney Henderson was sent to Europe to work for recognition and to make treaties. According to the Constitution of 1836, a President could not serve two consecutive terms. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Presidents of the Republic Name of President (in order) Year Elected Vice President Capital Ad Interim: David G. Burnet  appointed Lorenzo de Zavala Columbia 1. Sam Houston 1836   Mirabeau B. Lamar Houston 2. Mirabeau B. Lamar  1838  David G. Burnet  Austin 3.   4.

Mirabeau B. Lamar Annexation Opposed annexation Tried to convince Mexico to recognize the independence of Texas with: Santa Fe Expedition Texas Navy © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Mirabeau B. Lamar Education Known as the Father of Texas Education Convinced Congress to pass an act to set aside: 17,712 acres of land in each county to support public schools 231,400 acres of land for the future establishment of two public universities The first private college in TX was Rutersville College © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Mirabeau B. Lamar Military • Used army to fight the Native Americans • Sent Texas Navy to Yucatan coast; rebels fighting Mexico agreed to pay $8,000 a month for the use of the Texas navy © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Mirabeau B. Lamar Military • Santa Fe Expedition: TX claimed ½ of New Mexico; people of this area stayed loyal to Mexico Lamar also wanted access to the valuable trade moving along the Santa Fe Trail Expedition a failure © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Council House Fight

Mirabeau B. Lamar Native Americans • Did not believe that Native Americans had a right to live in TX • Battle of Neches: killed 100 Cherokees including Chief Bowles • Sent John H. Moore to attack Comanches • Council House Fight: meeting in San Antonio to exchange prisoners and discuss peace Penateka Comanches brought their Anglo prisoners but Texans expected all prisoners held by all Comanche tribes Matilda Lockhart (next slide) Fighting breaks out 35 Comanches killed including 12 chiefs, 3 women, & 2 children 7 Texans died destroyed chance of peace © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Matilda Lockhart Matilda Lockhart was the 1 captive brought to San Antonio. Mary Ann Maverick, who witnessed the event and helped dress the girl after she was returned, later recounted that Matilda had been badly tortured and was utterly degraded, and could not hold up her head again. Her head, arms, and face were full of bruises, and sores, and her nose actually burnt off to the bone—all the fleshy end gone, and a great scab formed on the end of the bone.

Mirabeau B. Lamar Native Americans Comanches attack Victoria and Linnville (and kill Texan prisoners) Texas Rangers sent after Comanches and resulted in Battle of Plum Creek (more than 130 Comanches killed) Lamar sends John H. Moore and army to attack Comanches on Colorado River; Comanches move further west Lamar opened up land for Texas settlers American Indians lost much of their land and many killed © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Battle of Plum Creek

Mirabeau B. Lamar Finances Congress passed homestead law Purchased 6 new ships for the TX Navy Spent $2.5 million fighting the Indians Issued redbacks ($1 equal to about 15¢) Debt rises to $8 million © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Why were some Texans unhappy with the location of Austin? Mirabeau B. Lamar Other 9/14/2018 10:41 AM Moved TX capital from Houston to a village named Waterloo; renamed Austin in honor of SFA Why were some Texans unhappy with the location of Austin? © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Foreign Relations Why Important How Successful to validate Texas independence to gain foreign support for Texas could lead to foreign loans and trade could lead to U.S. annexation How Successful United States: recognized Texas in 1837; no annexation Europe: recognized by France in 1839; followed by Belgium, Great Britain, and the Netherlands Mexico: refused recognition

In your interactive notebook: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDtivLWv_Kg In your interactive notebook: Write a 4-5 sentence short explanation on the whether you think Texas could thrive as an independent nation. -Do we have the resources? -Could we defend ourselves? -Do we have the right leaders? -Allies? -Enemies?