Macromolecules Building blocks Of life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Building blocks Of life Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

What is organic chemistry? Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds that contain bonds with carbon atoms. All living things contain the element carbon. Carbon has 4 valence (outer) electrons, allowing it to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements. Carbon bonds with the following elements to form the molecules of life: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Benzene What’s The big Deal About Carbon? No other element comes close to matching carbon’s versatility! These Mighty Atoms: Can form millions of different large and complex structures. Easily Bond with elements and each other Can form chains and rings. Can form single, double, or triple bonds Benzene Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

AKA Organic molecules or biomolecules Macromolecules AKA Organic molecules or biomolecules Macromolecules are large organic compounds formed from hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules. Polymerization is the process of joining smaller molecules to create larger molecules. Small molecules that join together are monomers. (mono means “one”). Monomers are like links in a chain. When monomers join together they form long polymers. (poly means “many). Polymers are chains of monomers. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

How many different “monomers” make up this necklace? Polymers Think of polymers as a beaded necklace. Like the different beads on this necklace, polymers can be made from different monomers. How many different “monomers” make up this necklace? Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

How are macromolecules Built And broken? Dehydration Synthesis: Monomers are joined together through covalent bonds to make polymers. Water is lost (hence “dehydration”) as a byproduct. Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken down into monomers. Water molecules are used to break the bonds between the molecules. *Both processes require enzymes to speed up the rate of reaction. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

What are the groups of macromolecules? Macromolecules in living things are grouped based on their chemical compositions. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

CARBOHYDRATES! AKA: Sugars and Starches Usually colorless, water soluble, and crystalized. Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Atoms (CHO) Elemental Ratio: 1:2:1 Monomer: Monosaccharaides Polymer: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

CARBOHYDRATES! Carbohydrates are classified in groups based on number of different molecules. Monosaccharaides: 1 molecule Disaccharides: 2 molecules chemically bonded Polysaccharides: 3 or more molecules chemically bonded. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Function of CARBOHYDRATES 1. Readily Available Source of Short Term Energy. 2. Energy Storage Glycogen stores energy in animals -liver and muscle cells Starch stores energy in plants 3. Structural Cell Walls in Bacteria and Plants Exoskeletons of Insects, Arthropods, and Crustaceans. 4. Component of Glycoproteins: Bonds with proteins to make important molecules in the cell membrane. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Monosaccharide Carbohydrates AKA: Simple Sugars Form: Simplest form of carbohydrates. (1 Monomer/Molecule) Examples: Glucose (“Blood Sugar” immediately used) Fructose (In Fruits) Galactose (Some Dairy, Synthesized in body) *Hint* “Mono” Means One! Glucose Fructose Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Disaccharide Carbohydrates Form: Two Monosaccharaides chemically combine to produce a new carbohydrate with new properties. Examples: Maltose (product of digestion) Lactose (milk) Sucrose (table sugar) *Hint* “Di” Means Two! Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Carbohydrates AKA: Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Carbohydrates AKA: Complex Carbohydrates Form: Large molecules of 3 or more monosaccharaides. Examples: Glycogen: Energy storage in animals. Starch: Energy storage in plants Cellulose: Builds cell walls for plants and bacteria. Gives plants strength and flexibility. Chitin: Insects, other arthropods, and crustaceans use chitin in their exoskeletons. Fungi use chitin in their cell walls. *Hint* “Poly” Means Many! Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Lipids! AKA: Fats, Oils, and Waxes Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CHO) Monomer: Fatty Acids & Glycerol Polymer: Fats, Oils, Waxes Functions: Stores Energy in Long Term Make Up Cell Membranes Steroids Examples: Fats & Oils: Energy Storage Waxes: Repel Water Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Cortisol Phospholipid Cell Membranes: Protect Cell **Lipids are generally NOT soluble in water.** Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Lipids Many are formed when a glycerol molecule combines to with fatty acids. If Carbon-Carbon Bond is: Single = Saturated Double = Unsaturated Many Double = Polyunsaturated. Saturated Fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Animal fats are generally saturated fats, while plant and fish fats are generally unsaturated fats. Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Phospholipids Make up cell membranes. A Phosphate group is substituted for one of the three fatty acids. Have a polar hydrophilic head and two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Phospholipids pair up to create a protective phospholipid bilayer. By bradleyhintz Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Proteins All Amino Acids Contain an Amino Group & Carboxyl Group The Most Diverse Macromolecule Group Composed of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Atoms (CHON) Monomer: Amino Acids Polymer: Polypeptide Functions: Form Cell Structures Transport Substances In and Out of Cells Enzymes Hormones to Regulate Cell Processes Defense Against Disease (antibodies) All Amino Acids Contain an Amino Group & Carboxyl Group Enzymes Control Reaction Rates Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Protein structure and function Amino acids use covalent bonds to link together to form a polypeptide. About 20 Amino Acids are found in nature. All have an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group. The different R Groups give the amino acid its unique properties. A protein is built from one or more polypeptides. Protein have 4 Organizational Levels: Primary: Sequence of Amino Acids Secondary: Folding of Polypeptide Chain Tertiary: 3-D Arrangement of Polypeptide Chain Quaternary: Association of 2 or More Proteins Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

Nucleic Acids! Composed Of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (CHONPS) Monomer: Nucleotides – composed of 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base. Polymer: Nucleic Acids Functions: Store and Transmit Hereditary or Genetic Information (DNA & RNA) Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016

CHONP! Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids that make up DNA and RNA are made of 3 parts: Monosaccharide: DNA- deoxyribose and RNA- ribose Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base: cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil DNA is a double stranded molecule. RNA is a single stranded molecule . Science Is Real© by Ana Ulrich 2016