Fig. 38-1

Fig. 38-2 Anther Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Anther Stigma Stamen Carpel Style Filament Pollen tube Ovary Ovary Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) Sepal FERTILIZATION Petal Egg (n) Sperm (n) Receptacle Zygote (2n) Mature sporophyte plant (2n) (a) Structure of an idealized flower Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Seed Germinating seed Seed Embryo (2n) (sporophyte) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Simple fruit

(a) Structure of an idealized flower Fig. 38-2a Anther Stigma Carpel Stamen Style Filament Ovary Sepal Petal Receptacle (a) Structure of an idealized flower

Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Anther Fig. 38-2b Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) Anther Ovary Pollen tube Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) FERTILIZATION Egg (n) Sperm (n) Zygote (2n) Mature sporophyte plant (2n) Key Seed Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Germinating seed Seed Embryo (2n) (sporophyte) (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle Simple fruit

Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Fig. 38-3 (a) Development of a male gametophyte (in pollen grain) (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) Microsporangium (pollen sac) Megasporangium (2n) Microsporocyte (2n) Ovule Megasporocyte (2n) MEIOSIS Integuments (2n) Micropyle 4 microspores (n) Surviving megaspore (n) Each of 4 microspores (n) MITOSIS Ovule Generative cell (n) Male gametophyte 3 antipodal cells (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) 2 polar nuclei (n) 1 egg (n) Nucleus of tube cell (n) Integuments (2n) 2 synergids (n) 20 µm Ragweed pollen grain Embryo sac 75 µm 100 µm

gametophyte (in pollen grain) Fig. 38-3a (a) Development of a male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Microsporangium (pollen sac) Microsporocyte (2n) MEIOSIS 4 microspores (n) Each of 4 microspores (n) MITOSIS Generative cell (n) Male gametophyte Nucleus of tube cell (n) 20 µm Ragweed pollen grain 75 µm

Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Fig. 38-3b (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) Megasporangium (2n) Ovule Megasporocyte (2n) MEIOSIS Integuments (2n) Micropyle Surviving megaspore (n) MITOSIS Ovule 3 antipodal cells (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) 2 polar nuclei (n) 1 egg (n) Integuments (2n) 2 synergids (n) Embryo sac 100 µm

Abiotic Pollination by Wind Fig. 38-4a Abiotic Pollination by Wind Hazel staminate flowers (stamens only) Hazel carpellate flower (carpels only)

Common dandelion under normal light Fig. 38-4b Pollination by Bees Common dandelion under normal light Common dandelion under ultraviolet light

Anther Stigma Moth on yucca flower Fig. 38-4c Pollination by Moths and Butterflies Anther Stigma Moth on yucca flower

Blowfly on carrion flower Fig. 38-4d Pollination by Flies Fly egg Blowfly on carrion flower

Hummingbird drinking nectar of poro flower Fig. 38-4e Pollination by Birds Hummingbird drinking nectar of poro flower

Long-nosed bat feeding on cactus flower at night Fig. 38-4f Pollination by Bats Long-nosed bat feeding on cactus flower at night

Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Polar nuclei Ovule Fig. 38-5 Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Polar nuclei Ovule Micropyle Egg Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Synergid 2 sperm Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm)

Pollen grain Stigma Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Ovule Polar nuclei Fig. 38-5a Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Ovule Polar nuclei Micropyle Egg

Fig. 38-5b Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Synergid 2 sperm

Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) Fig. 38-5c Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm)

Wild-type Arabidopsis pop2 mutant Arabidopsis Micropyle Ovule Ovule Fig. 38-6 EXPERIMENT Wild-type Arabidopsis pop2 mutant Arabidopsis Micropyle Ovule Ovule 20 µm Seed stalk Pollen tube growing toward micropyle Many pollen tubes outside seed stalk Seed stalk

Ovule Endosperm nucleus Integuments Zygote Zygote Terminal cell Fig. 38-7 Ovule Endosperm nucleus Integuments Zygote Zygote Terminal cell Basal cell Proembryo Suspensor Basal cell Cotyledons Shoot apex Root apex Seed coat Suspensor Endosperm

(a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons Fig. 38-8 Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons Seed coat Endosperm Cotyledons Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle (b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons Scutellum (cotyledon) Pericarp fused with seed coat Endosperm Coleoptile Epicotyl Hypocotyl Coleorhiza Radicle (c) Maize, a monocot

(a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons Fig. 38-8a Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons

(b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons Fig. 38-8b Seed coat Endosperm Cotyledons Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle (b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons

Pericarp fused Scutellum with seed coat (cotyledon) Endosperm Fig. 38-8c Pericarp fused with seed coat Scutellum (cotyledon) Endosperm Coleoptile Epicotyl Hypocotyl Coleorhiza Radicle (c) Maize, a monocot

Fig. 38-9 Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Cotyledon Hypocotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat (a) Common garden bean Foliage leaves Coleoptile Coleoptile Radicle (b) Maize

Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Cotyledon Fig. 38-9a Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Cotyledon Hypocotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Seed coat (a) Common garden bean

Fig. 38-9b Foliage leaves Coleoptile Coleoptile Radicle (b) Maize

Fig. 38-10 Stigma Carpels Style Stamen Flower Petal Ovary Stamen Sepal Stigma Ovary (in receptacle) Ovule Ovule Pea flower Raspberry flower Pineapple inflorescence Apple flower Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Remains of stamens and styles Carpel (fruitlet) Stigma Sepals Seed Ovary Stamen Seed Receptacle Pea fruit Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit Apple fruit (a) Simple fruit (b) Aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit (d) Accessory fruit

Ovary Stamen Stigma Ovule Pea flower Seed Pea fruit (a) Simple fruit Fig. 38-10a Ovary Stamen Stigma Ovule Pea flower Seed Pea fruit (a) Simple fruit

Carpels Stamen Raspberry flower Carpel (fruitlet) Stigma Ovary Stamen Fig. 38-10b Carpels Stamen Raspberry flower Carpel (fruitlet) Stigma Ovary Stamen Raspberry fruit (b) Aggregate fruit

Pineapple inflorescence Fig. 38-10c Flower Pineapple inflorescence Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Pineapple fruit (c) Multiple fruit

Stigma Style Petal Stamen Sepal Ovary Ovule (in receptacle) Fig. 38-10d Stigma Style Petal Stamen Sepal Ovary (in receptacle) Ovule Apple flower Remains of stamens and styles Sepals Seed Receptacle Apple fruit (d) Accessory fruit

Fig. 38-11a Dispersal by Water Coconut

Dandelion “parachute” Fig. 38-11b Dispersal by Wind Winged seed of Asian climbing gourd Dandelion “parachute” Winged fruit of maple Tumbleweed

Dispersal by Animals Barbed fruit Seeds in feces Seeds carried to Fig. 38-11c Dispersal by Animals Barbed fruit Seeds in feces Seeds carried to ant nest Seeds buried in caches

Fig. 38-12

Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate Fig. 38-13 (a) Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate flower (right) Stamens Styles Styles Stamens Thrum flower Pin flower (b) Oxalis alpina flowers

Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate Fig. 38-13a (a) Sagittaria latifolia staminate flower (left) and carpellate flower (right)

(b) Oxalis alpina flowers Fig. 38-13b Stamens Styles Styles Stamens Thrum flower Pin flower (b) Oxalis alpina flowers

(a) Undifferentiated carrot cells (b) Differentiation into plant Fig. 38-14 (a) Undifferentiated carrot cells (b) Differentiation into plant

Fig. 38-15 50 µm

Fig. 38-16

Fig. 38-17

Genetically modified rice Fig. 38-18 Genetically modified rice Ordinary rice

Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) Fig. 38-UN1 Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm)

Fig. 38-UN2