KC 5.4: Global Migration Period 5: 1750-1900

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized & un-industrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living

Changes in food production & improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population

Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal & external migrants increasingly relocated to cities This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th Century

Migrants (manual laborers, specialized professionals) relocated for a variety of reasons

Many individual chose freely to relocate, often in search of work

The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced & semicoerced labor migration Slavery Chinese & Indian Indentured Servitude Convict Labor

While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary & seasonal migrants returned to their home societies Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific Lebanese merchants in the Americas Italians in Argentina

The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences & reaction to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants & the existing populations

Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men

Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world which helped transplant their culture into new environments & facilitated the development of migrant support networks Chinese in Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, North America Washington, D.C. Chinatown Indians in East & Southern Africa, the Caribbean, & Southeast Asia

Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic & racial prejudice & the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders Chinese Exclusion Act White Australia Policy