Blood
Blood Artery White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells
Function Blood Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones
Blood Plasma-55% Buffy coat-<1% Formed elements-45%
Blood Plasma Components-55% 90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes
Blood Plasma Components Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO2 Urea
Buffy Coat- <1% Leukocytes Platelets
Formed Elements of the Blood-45% Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia · Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow · Hematopoiesis- production of RBC · Function- transport respiratory gases · Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains · Lack mitochondria. Why? · 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules · Men- 5 million cells/mm3 · Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3 · Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
Hemoglobin
Blood Cell Production
RBC Diseases Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- Exercise- causes need for more hemoglobin and also sweat includes iron B12 deficiency
RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemia- Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.
RBC Diseases Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.
Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Never let monkeys eat bananas Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil platelet Neutrophil Monocyte
ID WBC’s
WBC Diseases Mononucleosis Leukopenia Leukemias Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced Leukemias Cancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved Mononucleosis highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks
Platelets Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelets Figure 17.12
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3 Tissue Damage Clotting Factors Platelet Plug
Hemostasis: Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation
Hemostasis (+ feedback) Clotting Factors thromboplastin Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin
Blood Clot RBC Platelet Fibrin thread
Disorders of Hemostasis Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
Thromboembolytic Conditions Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel May block circulation, leading to tissue death Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Thromboembolytic Conditions Prevented by Aspirin Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 Heparin Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care
Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to inflammation, infection or cancer Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets causes spontaneous bleeding due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation) Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets
Impaired liver function Bleeding Disorders Impaired liver function Inability to synthesize procoagulants Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption
Bleeding Disorders Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors
Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome)
Blood Types Type A Type B Type AB Type O
Blood Typing Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)
Type A b b b b b b b
Type B a a a a a a a
Type O a b a a a b b a a b
Type AB
Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH+ indicates protein RH+ indicates protein RH- indicates no protein
Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks
Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood Type Clumping Antibody A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum - O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b
Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4% Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6% A 35.7% 1 person in 16 6.3% B 1 person in 12 8.5% 1 person in 67 1.5% AB 1 person in 29 3.4% 1 person in 167 .6%
ABO Blood Types Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A i B I B I B or I B i AB I A I B
Punnett square Type A and Type B cross IB i IA IAIB IAi IA IAIB IAi
Bozeman Video - Blood Types http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXTF7WehgM8