#1. What are the 4 classes of organic macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

#2. Describe Carbohydrates. Also called sugars. End in –ose. Made out of the elements C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O). The building block is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. Ex/ Glucose C6H12O6 Ex/ Fructose C6H12O6 Ex/ Galactose C6H12O6 These all have the same molecular formula but different structures, so they are called ISOMERS.

Two monosaccharides linked together make a dissaccharide. * Ex/ Sucrose C12H22O11 Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose * Ex/Maltose C12H22O11 Maltose = Glucose + Glucose * Ex/Lactose C12H22O11 Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Monosaccharides link together in a process called dehydration synthesis. That means a water molecule drops out to bring them together. To break apart a disaccharide into two monosaccharides, just add the water back in. This process is called hydrolysis. 3+ monosaccharides linked together makes a polysaccharide. Ex/ Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

#2 continued…Structure of a Monosaccharide

#2 continued…Structure of a Disaccharide

#2 continued…Dehydration Synthesis

#2 continued…Hydrolysis

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#3. Describe Lipids. Made out of the elements C, H,and O, but have more C and H and less O. Also called fats and triglycerides. The building block is a glycerol molecule plus 3 fatty acids. Fatty acid chains are also called hydrocarbon chains. Waxes, oils and steroids are other types a fat.

A saturated fat is “saturated” with hydrogens because it has only single bonds. Because of this, it forms solid lumps at room temperature (like butter). An unsaturated fat has double bonds between the carbons, which keeps the molecule from forming lumps at room temperature. So the molecule is like an oil (like vegetable oil) at room temperature. Phospholipids are a special type of fat but have two fatty acid tails instead of three.

#3 continued…Structure of Glycerol and a Fatty Acid

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#3 continued…Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

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#3 continued…Structure of a Phospholipid

#4. Describe Proteins. Made of the elements C, H, O, and N. The building block of a protein is an amino acid. There are 20 common amino acids. All amino acids have the same fundamental structure: An amino group (NH2) A carboxyl group (COOH) A hydrogen. A variable group (R) which makes each amino acid unique.

Proteins are also called polypeptides Proteins are also called polypeptides. Polypeptides are typically 50+ amino acids in length, while peptides are usually shorter chains. The covalent bond formed between 2 amino acids is called a peptide bond.

#4 continued…Amino Acid Structure

#4 continued…20 Common Amino Acids

#4 continued… Primary Protein Structure Secondary Protein Structure Sequence of amino acids that make up the protein. Secondary Protein Structure The bending or coiling of a protein upon itself. Tertiary Protein Structure The 3-dimensional complex shape that a protein takes. Quaternary Protein Structure When a protein is made out of 2+ polypeptides joined together.

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#5. What are Enzymes??? Enzymes are a special class of proteins. They speed up the rates of chemical reactions in your body. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, so enzymes are catalysts but not all catalysts are enzymes. Enzymes end in –ase. Enzymes are involved in nearly all metabolic processes.

#5 continued…The Lock and Key Hypothesis of Enzyme Action. An enzyme enables molecules called substrates to undergo a chemical change to form new substances, called products. Enzymes are specific, which means they only work on certain substrates.

Enzymes recognize these specific substrates by a special region on the enzyme called the active site. Enzymes are not used up by the chemical reaction. After the reaction occurs, they are free to go and catalyze more reactions. Enzymes are denatured by high temperatures and extremes in pH. Denaturing means that the structure of the protein was changed and it cannot work anymore.

#5 continued…The Lock and Key Hypothesis of Enzyme Action. SUBSTRATE

#5 continued…The Lock and Key Hypothesis of Enzyme Action.

#5 continued…The Lock and Key Hypothesis of Enzyme Action.

#5 continued…Enzymes.

#6. What are Nucleic Acids? Made of the elements C, H, O, N, and P. Examples of Nucleic Acids include: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) The building block of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide.

All nucleotides have 3 parts: 1. A 5-carbon sugar (called a pentose sugar) The sugar is called Deoxyribose in DNA The sugar is called Ribose in RNA 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogen base (one of the following) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) (not in RNA) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) (only in RNA) DNA is the molecule of heredity. It is passed down from parent to offspring.

#6 continued…Structure of a Nucleotide

#6 continued…Nucleotides

#6 continued…Structure of DNA