Carbon Chemistry Study of the chemical composition and reactions occurring in living (or once living) matter. (Organic Chemistry) Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of human body weight. 1

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are often composed of hundreds to thousands of individual molecules. The single molecules in a polymer are called monomers. 2

Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers are called polymers. 3

Carbon What is the valence number ?

. Carbon (valence = 4)

Macromolecules There are 4 types of organic molecules or polymers: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are essential to maintaining life processes: cell function, storage, energy, homeostasis and genetic information. 6

Carbohydrates The sugars and starches Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of the atoms in carbohydrates is - 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Provide energy to the cells. Dissolve in water (hydrophilic) 7

Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer). Two sugars linked make a disaccharide. Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer, like starch).

Three Monosaccharaides

Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion.   10

Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Polysaccharide Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. 11

Lipids The three types of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 12

Monomers in Lipids 13

Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy for later use by the body. Lipids also serve as padding and protection for the body. Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), but may contain parts that can dissolve in water. 14

Structure of a Lipid Dissolves in water (hydrophilic) Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic) 15

Phospholipid Found in cell membranes Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobic 16

Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body. Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups 17

Function of Proteins The building blocks of proteins are amino acids (monomers). Serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Amino acid chains are called polypeptides. A protein contains one or more polypeptide chains. 18

Amino Acids 19

Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA

Nucleic Acid Characteristics Contain C, H, N , O, P (no sulfur) made of monomers called nucleotides (made of a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar).

DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) codes and stores all genetic material of cell regarding replication and the order in which amino acids should be joined to form a protein. made of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotide Structure Nitrogen base 5-carbon sugar

RNA vs. DNA structure