Carbon is the Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules MACROMOLECULES Carbon is the Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules

Organic Molecules It is a carbon based molecule. Examples: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids and Nucleic Acids.

Inorganic Molecules These are non-carbon based compounds. Examples: Water and Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrocarbons These are organic molecules that are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Examples: Methane and Butane

Functional Group

Monomers

Polymers

Building and Breaking Polymers Dehydration Synthesis (Building): Involves removing water from the two molecules being joined. Hydrolysis (Breaking): Involves adding water to the molecules so they separate.

Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates Provide Fuel and Building Material

Carbohydrate: Energy Molecules These are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a ratio of (1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen) Energy: 4 Calories per gram

Monosaccharides Simple sugars that contain just one sugar unit. Examples: Glucose and Fructose

Disaccharides These are 2 sugar units that have been put together through dehydration synthesis. Examples: Sucrose: (Glucose and Fructose) Lactose: (Milk Sugar) Maltose: (Malt Sugar)

Polysaccharides These are long polymer chains made up of many simple sugar monomers, or also known as a complex carbohydrate.

Examples Starch: Food Storage for Plants Glycogen: Energy that is stored in the muscles of animals for quick energy. (Liver Replenishes it) Cellulose: Makes up the cell walls in plant cells. (Humans can not digest it)

Concept 5.3 Lipids include Fats and Steroids

Lipids These are organic molecules that have a large proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms and less oxygen than carbohydrates. Lipids: 9 Calories per gram

Where are Lipids Found? Cholesterol Bees Wax Phospholipids (Cell Membranes)

Types of Lipids Saturated: Contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. All single bonds (Usually solid at room temperature)

Types of Lipids Unsaturated: It contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Contains double bonds. Usually a liquid at room temperature.

Specific Lipid Types Triglyceride: Composed of (Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids) This is a typical fat.

More Types Phospholipid: Found in Cell Membranes. Hydrophilic Heads: Water Loving Hydrophobic Tails: Water Hating

Hormones Steroid Hormones: (Chemical signals in the body) Composed of 4 Fused Rings Testosterone: Male Hormone Estrogen: Female Hormone

Proteins They are building materials for the body. Proteins are large complex polymers composed of amino acids. Proteins: 4 Calories per gram

Where are they Found? Meat Eggs Beans

What do they do? Used in making muscle fibers. Enzymes: (Molecules that allow reactions to occur in the body.

Amino Acids They are the building blocks of proteins. 20 amino acids are available for protein synthesis.

Peptide Bond Occurs when amino acids are linked together. It involves the removal of water just like in carbohydrate synthesis.

Enzymes These are the main catalyst of chemical reactions in organisms.

Catalysts It is a compound that speeds up chemical reactions.

Activation Energy It is the energy necessary to start or initiate a chemical reaction. See Example.

Substrate A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme.

Active Site It is a particular region on the enzyme that the substrate fits into for a reaction to occur. It is like a lock and key. They are very specific to what they do.

How do Enzymes Work? Let’s do a few labs.