Trends in European student mobility Main findings of the forthcoming study on “Mobility developments in higher education” (EURODATA II) Irina Lungu, ACA Policy Officer Meeting of the Bologna Process Mobility Working Group 4 November 2010, Budapest

Study overview Financed by the European Commission, DG EAC International project team: DAAD (Nicole Rohde, Siegbert Wuttig) CampusFrance (Louise Watts, Nina Volz) HIS (Dominic Orr, Nicolai Netz) Ulrich Teichler, Ute Lanzendorf, Sandra Bürger Coverage (32 countries): Trends in international mobility of students and “academic staff”(?) Assessment of the quality of international statistical data and recommendations for improvement National policies on mobility Mobility obstacles and incentives etc.

Roadmap Some conceptual clarifications Inflows: 2.1 ‘Degree mobility’ 2.2 Credit mobility Outflows: 3.1 ‘Degree mobility’ 3.2 Credit mobility Balance? Conclusions

1. Some conceptual clarifications Student ‘mobility’ Nationality-based definition Foreign students: students with a nationality different from that of the country of study Study abroad students: national students enrolled abroad. A foreign student in one country is a study abroad student of another. b. Genuine mobility definition (country of prior education/permanent residence) Inwards mobile students: inwards mobile students move into a country for the purpose of study or study related activity. These students are in most cases also “foreign students”, but they can also be “national students” Outwards mobile students: students who leave their country to another for the purpose of study or a traineeship in the context of study. An inwards mobile student of one country is an outwards mobile student of another

1. Some conceptual clarifications (2) Type of mobility Diploma/degree mobility: mobility aimed at the acquisition of a whole degree or certificate in the country of destination. Credit mobility: temporary mobility in the framework of ongoing studies at a “home institution”. Credit mobility is mostly for study, but it can also take other forms, such as a traineeship. The temporary period abroad, be it enrolment or internship, has to be ‘recognisable’ as a regular component of the study programme at home. After the mobility phase, students return to their “home institution” to complete their studies.

Inflows: 2.1 ‘Degree mobility’ 2.2 Credit mobility

2.1 ‘Degree mobility’ 1 216 526 5.6 47% Total enrolment Foreign students % of foreign students of total enrolment ALL From non-European countries 1998/99 15 216 561 826 705 n.a. 5.4 2002/03 19 430 382 1 117 735 599 742 5.8 2006/07 21 782 519 1 507 473 877 457 6.9 Growth over period 43% 82% 1 216 526 5.6 47% Data source: EUROSTAT

Variety of country profiles 2.1 ‘Degree mobility’ (2) Variety of country profiles Country All foreign students % of foreign of all LI Liechtenstein 594 88.3 CY Cyprus 5 973 26.9 GB United Kingdom 459 987 19.5 CH Switzerland 41 058 19.3   LT Lithuania 1 920 1.0 SK Slovakia 2 010 0.9 PL Poland 13 021 0.6 All inwards mobile students % of inwards mobile of all 582 86.5 5 590 25.1 351 470 14.9 29 777 14.0   1 991 1.0 1 901 0.9 * Data source: EUROSTAT

2.2 Credit mobility Data sources No Europe-wide data source to cover all inwards credit mobility Only mobility within the ERASMUS programme (2008/09 – 198 568 SMS and SMP combined) Few countries collect data at the national level on inwards credit mobility (mostly within programmes), but many seem to plan to do so in the future

Outflows: 3.1 ‘Degree mobility’ 3.2 Credit mobility

3.1 ‘Degree mobility’ Total enrolment (own nationals) Nationals studying abroad Study abroad nationals to Europe in % % of total national enrolment 1998/99 13 700 516 480 647 82.2 3.5 2002/03 18 309 570 574 704 82.0 3.1 2006/07 20 275 046 672 782 85.0 3.3 Growth over period 48% 40% 563 255 2.7 17% Data source: EUROSTAT

Variety of country profiles 3.1 ‘Degree mobility’ (2) Variety of country profiles Country All study abroad students % of study abroad of all nationals LI Liechtenstein 747 90.4% CY Cyprus 22 411 58.0% IS Iceland 3 771 20.0% IE Ireland 30 204 14.8%   PL Poland 41 896 1.9% ES Spain 29 027 1.7% GB United Kingdom 23 393 1.2% All outwards mobile students % of outwards mobile of all nat. 884 91.8% 22 900 58.5% 2 480 14.2% 19 358 10.0%   32 889 1.5% 23 920 1.4% 24 119 1.3% Data source: EUROSTAT

Data sources: 3.2 Credit mobility Flows: ERASMUS statistics Other programme mobility National level statistics (limited) Stocks (event-driven logic): survey data Student surveys: EUROSTUDENT + national-level surveys Graduate surveys (national-level only)

3.2 Credit mobility – stocks Data source: EUROSTUDENT III, p. 132

3.2 Credit mobility – stocks (2) Data source: EUROSTUDENT III, p. 132

3.2 Credit mobility – stocks (3) Data source: EUROSTUDENT III, p. 133

3.2 Credit mobility – stocks (4) National-level Graduate surveys Germany: 22% of graduates of fach. and 35% of univ. graduates report a stay abroad during their studies (not restricted time period) United Kingdom: 15% of graduates spent ‘time abroad’ during their studies; 4% spent up to one year abroad for study purposes Poland: Less than 12% of graduates report to have spent more than 2 weeks abroad during their studies Norway: 21% of all graduates have had a period of study abroad of at least one semester as part of their Norwegian degree The Netherlands: 23.3% of all graduates were temporarily mobile during their studies Italy: 13.9% of graduates had a study period abroad

4. Balance? … If ‘balance’ in terms of degree mobility flows… Country IN:OUT ratio GB United Kingdom 19.66 BE Belgium 4.56 CH Switzerland 4.17 FR France 4.0   CY Cyprus 0.27 LT Lithuania 0.23 SK Slovakia 0.08

5. Conclusions: further needs… In terms of data collection improvements… Data differentiated by academic level (Bachelor/Master) and type of higher education institution Flows: Complete transition to genuine mobility data collection (currently only 24 of the 32 EURODATA II countries); In practice, full separation of degree mobility from credit mobility Annual Europe-wide collection of credit mobility data (in and outside of programmes) Stocks: An extended EUROSTUDENT-type of survey Or/and a Europe-wide graduate survey In analytical terms… A regular Europe-wide mobility report

irina.lungu@aca-secretariat.be