Personality Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality What is Personality? Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is the unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts, and emotions shown by individuals. What are Personality Traits? Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour (over time and across situations). Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Determinants of Personality HEREDITY The ultimate explanation of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. 1. Behaviour and temperament of young children e.g. shyness, fear, distress 2. Twins separated at birth 3. Consistency in job satisfaction over time and across situations Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Determinants of Personality (contd.) ENVIRONMENT 1. Culture - Norms, attitudes, values 2. Learning – Conditioning, experience SITUATION An individual’s personality, although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The different demands of different situations call forth different aspects of one’s personality. Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Extraverted vs. Introverted (E or I) Outgoing, sociable, assertive vs. quiet, shy Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N) Practical, detail-oriented, preference for routine and order vs. unconscious processes Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F) Use of reason and logic vs. relying on personal values and emotions Judging vs. Perceiving (J or P) Preference for order, structure and control vs. flexibility, spontaneity Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Conceptualizer Director Implementer Supervisor Facilitator Caretaker Nickname for Each Type ISTJ Planner Inspector ISFJ Protector Supporter INFJ Foreseer Developer INTJ Conceptualizer Director ISTP Analyzer Operator ISFP Composer Producer INFP Harmonizer Clarifier INTP Designer Theorizer ESTP Expeditor Promoter ESFP Motivator Presenter ENFP Discoverer Advocate ENTP Explorer Inventor ESTJ Implementer Supervisor ESFJ Facilitator Caretaker ENFJ Visionary Mentor ENTJ Strategist Mobilizer

The Big Five Model of Personality Extroversion One’s comfort level with relationships (sociable, gregarious, assertive versus reserved, timid, quiet) Agreeableness One’s propensity to defer to others (good-natured, cooperative, trusting versus cold, disagreeable, antagonistic) Conscientiousness One’s reliability and responsibility (responsible, dependable, persistent, organized versus distracted, disorganized, unreliable) Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

The Big Five Model of Personality (contd.) Emotional stability One’s ability to withstand stress (calm, self-confident, secure versus nervous, depressed, and insecure) Openness to experience One’s range of interests and fascination with novelty (imaginative, sensitive, curious versus conventional, finding comfort in the familiar) Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Measuring Personality Self-report Surveys Impression Management Accuracy Observer-ratings Surveys Projective Measures Assessment Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Choose A or B for each item: 1. a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it. b. Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time. 2. a. The average citizen can have an influence in government decisions. b. This world is run by the few people in power, and there is not much the little guy can do about it.

3. a. As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are the victims of forces we can neither understand nor control. b. By taking an active part in political and social affairs, people can control world events. 4. a. With enough effort we can wipe out political corruption. b. It is difficult for people to have much control over the things politicians do in office.

The internal locus of control answers are: 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a Scoring Key: The internal locus of control answers are: 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a The external locus of control answers are: 1b, 2b, 3a, 4b Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of Control (LOC) A person’s perception of the source of his or her fate is termed locus of control. 1. Internals – Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them. 2. Externals – Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces. Implications on Performance & Satisfaction (Absenteeism, alienation, motivation, turnover, health) Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality Attributes Influencing OB Machiavellianism The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. High Machs manipulate and bargain more and are persuaded less. They succeed when there is more of face to face interaction, and few rules and regulations to be adhered to. Implications on Work Ethics Jobs that involve bargaining skills or offer substantial rewards for winning Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality Attributes Influencing OB Self Esteem The individual’s degree of liking or disliking themselves. (high expectations for success, risk-taking, choosing unconventional jobs, versus seeking approval, pleasing others, susceptibility to external influence) Self Monitoring The individual’s ability to adjust his or her behaviour to external, situational factors. (adjusting, adaptable, highly sensitive, versus behavioural consistency) Risk Taking The individual’s willingness to take chances or risks. (how much time and information required to arrive at a decision) Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality Attributes Influencing OB Type A Aggressive Impatient Competitive Always on the move Thinking or doing two or more things at once Achieving more and more in less and less time Time urgency (no time for leisure) Type B Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

Personality Attributes Influencing OB Narcissism The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. They tend to be selfish and exploitative. Proactive Personality People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs. They create positive environments despite constraints. Personality Dr. M. Chaudhuri

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