Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Arthur Balfour In 1917, Blafour Declaration Israel/Palestine
India’s Quest for Home Rule Indian National Congress founded 1885, to promote self-rule British encouraged development of Muslim League (1906) to counter Congress
Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) Returned to India 1915, made Indian National Congress into a mass movement Titled Mahatma: “great soul” Opposed caste system
Gandhi’s Passive Resistance Ahimsa: non-violence Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”) Civil Disobedience Movement Boycott of British Institutions Armritsar Massacre (1919)
The Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) On March 12, 1930 led 78 followers on a 240 mile march to the sea, where salt was readily available, but forbidden to be taken. Thousands will meet him at the sea.
Gandhi during the Salt March, March 1930
The Government of India Act (1937) Creation of autonomous legislature Muslim fears of Hindu dominance Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah & The Muslim League Jinnah with Gandhi, 1944
The Partition: August 15, 1947
Sun Yat-sen and the Republic of China When workers, peasants, students and warlords toppled the monarchy in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was named president of the new Republic of China.
“Three Principles of the People” The people’s government, the people’s rights, and the people’s livelihood.
Sun Yatsen Created Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang) Accepts support from Soviet Union Members of the Chinese Communist Party also join Guomindang
The Republic of China Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate Sun Yatsen proclaims Republic of China in 1912 Political anarchy follows Independent warlord exercise local control
Chinese Nationalism May Fourth Movement Students, urban intellectuals protest foreign interference Marxism increases in popularity Chinese Communist Party Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Civil War Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek, 1887-1975) takes over after death of Sun Yatsen Launches military expedition Targets communists Communists flee 6,215 miles (The Long March)
The struggle for control in china, 1927 -1936
Imperialist Japan Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity, 1922-1928 Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region China a soft target
The Mukden Incident (1931) Japanese troops in Manchuria, China, secretly blow up small parts of the Japanese-built South Manchuria Railroad as pretext for war League of Nations censures Japan, Japan leaves the League of Nations
Africa and the Great War African colonies participate in World War I Encouraged local rebellions, challenges to European domination
Africa’s New Elite Post-war class of elite Often influenced by education, other experiences abroad Jomu Kenyatta, Kenyan nationalist Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana nationalist Pan-Africanism
Latin American Developments Reaction against U.S. influence Explore alternate political ideologies, Marxism Fidel Castro (Cuba)
Fidel Castro
United States Economic Domination Great War ensures US domination Huge capital investment in Latin America, export of raw materials
The United States in Latin America, 1895-1941
The “Good Neighbor Policy” Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) Avoids direct intervention by supporting local leaders US Marines train local militias
Nicaraguan Developments Civil war in Nicaragua, 1920s US supports Anastacio Somoza Garcia Augusto César Sandino leads opposition to US influence Somoza assassinates Sandino in 1934 Maintains good relations with US