American Foreign Policy The Cold War Context: Origins and First Stages

I Cold War Origins and Different Explanations 1. orthodox school Soviet Union: evil; lost china; hard power analysis 2. revisionist school Vietnam War; American imperialism 3. post-revisionist school mutual misperception 4. New Cold War Studies The end of the cold war

II Internationalism and the UN 1. international institutionalism: a vision of international relations in which the national interest of US, as well as the national interest of other nations, would be served best by multilateral cooperation through international institutions – a world that could be the “cultivable garden” of peace, not necessarily the “global jungle” of power. 2. UN, different from League of Nations: US membership Security Council

Percentage of votes in the UN General Assembly,1946-1960 U.S.A USSR success failure Cold War issues 94.3% 3.2% 6.1% 91.4 Other issues 55.1% 28.6% 50.3% 40.0% All issues 60.3% 25.3% 44.5% 47.2%

II Nuclear Deterrence and Containment 1、deterrence: prevention of attack through the fear of retaliation 2、compellance: getting another state to take a particular action that it otherwise would not. 3、capabilities and intentions 4、nuclear deterrence 5、containment

Truman Administration’s Foreign Policy 1. Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan 3. NATO International circumstances：Soviet Union’s nuclear explosion, PRC’s foundation 4、NSC68: threat, areas of geopolitical importance defined by threat, means to deal with threat, resources available Allies needed to be defended, vital sea lanes protected, and access to strategic raw materials maintained. Hydrogen bomb Korean War

George Kennan: deputy head of U. S George Kennan: deputy head of U.S. embassy in USSR, sent the long telegram on Feb. 1946, and then published “The Sources of Soviet Conduct ” on Foreign Affairs in 1947, became first director of PPS, then served as ambassador to USSR and one to Yugoslavia

Long Telegram and “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” Feb.22, 1946, Kennan sent a 8000-word telegram from Moscow back to Washington. policies toward Russia of both Roosevelt’s emphasis on integration and Harriman’s on bargaining were wrong. Patience and firmness: 1) No further efforts would be made to conceal disagreements with the Russians. 2) There would be no more concessions to the Soviet Union. 3) U.S. military strength would be reconstituted and requests from allies for economic and military aid would be favorably considered. 4) Negotiations with the Soviet Union would continue, but only for the purpose of registering Moscow’s acceptance of American positions.

Kennan’s list of areas crucial to U.S. national security The nations and territories of the Atlantic community, which include Canada, Greenland and Iceland, Scandinavia, the British Isles, western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, and the west coast of Africa down to the bulge, and the countries of South America from the bulge north; The countries of the Mediterranean and the Middle East as far as, and including Iran, and Japan and the Philippines.

Five centers of industrial and military power：USA, USSR, Britain, Germany and Central Europe, Japan

“one of the most significant documents in our history “one of the most significant documents in our history. I don’t believe there is going to be one…equal to the analysis of this paper in terms of American survival in the world.” –Dean Acheson “the blueprint for Cold War defense” –Herman Wolk

Paul Nitze: Director of the PPS, Department of State, in 1950, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1961-63), and Secretary of the Navy (1963-67), the principal drafter of NSC 68

Foreign Policy during Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations 1. West Germany joined NATO, Hungry Crisis of 1956 2、Cease of occupation, Japan’s independence in name 3. Vietnam: domino theory, SEATO 4. The Middle East: 1955, Baghdad Pact, CENTO Lebanon Crisis of 1958 5、Cuba revolution, 1958-59; Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 6、massive retaliation: Sputnik in 1957; missile gap; Cuban missile crisis, in Oct. 1962

III Ideological Bipolarity and the Third World 1. China 2. Vietnam 3. Latin America 4. CIA covert action

IV Creation of the Liberal International Economic Order 1. The major international economic institutions: GATT、IMF、WB 2. economic hegemony? Neo-imperialism?

V Foreign Policy Politics and the Cold War Consensus: spirit of bipartisanship President (years at office) President’s party Majority party of the Congress Truman (1947-48) Democratic Party Republican Party Eisenhower (1955-60) Eisenhower (1953-54) Truman (1949-1952) Kennedy (1961-1963) Johnson (1963-1966)

Executive-Branch Politics and the Creation of the “National Security State” 1. NSC in 1947 2. DOD in 1949 3. CIA and State Department expansion 4. Two decision-making cases: 1. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 2. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

The media, Interest Groups and Public Opionion 1. The Media as Cheerleader 2. Interest Groups: anti-war movements existed, but generally speaking all the active interest groups supported American Cold War policies 3. Anti-Communism Hysteria: McCarthyism