Classification Unit Complete booklet page 1 Complete booklet pages 7-8 using textbook page 524.

Evolution Test Answer Key

Taxonomy 2017 Classifying Life

Classification Grouping of living things based on their known or supposed relationships. Taxonomy - The science of classifying and naming living things.

Taxonomy Taxonomist – scientists who study classification Taxon – category into which related organisms are placed Taxa = plural

Early Taxonomy Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus & species)

The study of structure and function

Homologous Structures Same basic structure but with different functions Examples: human arms, bird wings, dolphin flippers

Analogous Structures Same basic function but with different structures Example: bird wing compared to insect wing

Modern Taxonomic System Today organisms are grouped into 6 kingdoms based on the following characteristics.

Taxonomic Catagories Linnaeus placed organisms into related groups called taxa (taxon-singular) based on their morphology (study of structure & function) IMPORTANT POINT: Each level or taxon groups together organisms that share more characteristics than the taxon on the level above

Levels of Organization Domain– broadest – most inclusive Kingdom – group of related phyla Phylum (or "division" in plants)-group of classes Class - group of orders Order - group of families Family - group of genuses Genus - group of species Species – most specific & most exclusive (plants subdivided into varieties) ( bacteria subdivided into strains) .

Classification Discussion Why did scientists place bacteria in their own kingdom? BECAUSE THEY LACK A NUCLEUS What traits did Linnaeus use to separate plants from animals? MODE OF NUTRITION & CELL WALL COMPOSITION

Binomial Nomenclature Scientific names should be italicized in print or underlined when handwritten Always capitalize the genus name, but write the species in lower case EXAMPLE: The scientific name for man is Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens The genus name may be abbreviated, but not the species (H. sapiens)

Know how to write the Scientific Name Contains Genus and species name Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Homo sapiens: Man H. sapiens Felis domesticus: Cat F. domesticus Panthera leo: Lion P. leo

Human Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens

Basis for Modern Taxonomy Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their similarities

Basis for Modern Taxonomy 1. Physical similarities – internal and external features. 2. Chemical similarities – proteins used, carbohydrates produced, lipids used. 3. Genetic similarities – DNA, embryos 4. Behavioral similarities – way the organism reacts, mating patterns, migration patterns,etc.

Cell Type Prokaryotic – simple, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic – more complex, true nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote Structures What are some general characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic Structures

Compare

Number of Cells Unicellular – made of one cell Multicellular – made of multiple cells

Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic – self-feeding Photosynthetic: make food from light energy Chemosynthetic: make food from inorganic chemicals

Mode of Nutrition Heterotrophic – feeds off another organism; cannot make own food

The 3 Domain System Based on comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA in different organisms to determine possible ancestry All organisms placed into three broad groups called domains Domain Archaea (kingdom Archaebacteria) contains chemosynthetic bacteria living in harsh environments Domain Bacteria (kingdom Eubacteria) contains all other bacteria including those causing disease Domain Eukarya (kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia) contains all eukaryotic organisms

The 3 Domain System Domains with Prokaryotic Cells Domains with Eukaryotic Cells Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya K.Archaeabacteria K. Eubacteria K.Protista K.Fungi K.Plantae K.Animalia

Common Names Why would it be confusing to identify organisms by their common name?

Common Names Cougar Puma Mountain Lion Panther Scientific Name Puma concolor (P. concolor)

IMPORTANT POINT: The species is the only taxon whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Different species can interbreed, but the offspring are NOT fertile. Examples: Liger, Mule, Zonkey

Who’s Your Family?

If you had to guess what does this creature resemble or look like If you had to guess what does this creature resemble or look like? What other living organism do you think this creature is related to?

Which animal is the animal (Okapi) related to?

Giraffe Okapi Deer Zebra Llama Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Giraffidae Genus: Okapia Species: O. johnstoni Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Giraffidae Genus: Giraggidae Species: G. camelopardalis Deer Zebra Llama Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Cervidae Genus: Odocoileus Species: O. virginianus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Species: E.quagga Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Camelidae Genus: Lama Species: L.glama

Mongoose Cheetah Hamster Gopher Otter Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Acinonyx Species: A. jubatus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Herpestidae Genus: Helogale Species: H. parvula Hamster Gopher Otter Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Geomyidae Genus: Thomoys Species: T. bottae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Mustelidae Genus: Lontra Species: L. canadensis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Genus: Mesocricetus Species: M. auratus

If you had to guess what does this creature resemble or look like If you had to guess what does this creature resemble or look like? What other living organism do you think this creature is related to?

Belongs to Order Lamniformes the order of many sharks including Great White Shark.

Goblin Shark Great White Shark Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Lamniformes Family: Mitsukurinidae Genus: Mitsukarina Species: M. owstoni Great White Shark Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Lamniformes Family: Lamnidae Genus: Carcharodon Species: C. carcharias

Dichotomous Key Tool scientists use to classify living things

Phylogeny The study of evolutionary history of lineages Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams showing proposed evolutionary relationships among organisms   Fossil records help place these on a phylogenetic tree Possible common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree Organisms thought to be more modern (newer) are shown at tips of branches

Which is more closely related to Cnidarians – Ctenophores or Flatworms?

Cladograms Cladograms shows how organisms are related based on shared & derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, scales, etc.

List all the organisms that have all these characteristics: amniotic eggs, openings in skull for muscles, hair, and give live birth but do not have a placenta.