PROTEIN SYNTHESIS What does DNA’s code do?

Directs Protein Making

DNA’s code contains the instructions to make proteins!

The process of making RNA from DNA is called…

TRANSCRIPTION= the process in which the coded message in DNA is rewritten into mRNA. (TranSCRIBE means reWRITE)

Where does transcription take place? In the nucleus

Why does DNA need to be transcribed into RNA? DNA cannot leave the nucleus. The membrane is impermeable to DNA. RNA can leave the nucleus. It is single-stranded and the membrane is permeable to it.

Give the Differences between DNA and RNA Nitrogen base Type of sugar Number of strands

DNA RNA What kind of nitrogen bases? Thymine Uracil What kind of sugar? Deoxyribose Ribose What shape? Double strand Single strand

How many kinds of RNA are there? THREE: Name them.

1. Ribosomal 2. Transfer 3. Messenger What are their functions?

Messenger RNA Brings the coded message from DNA to the ribosome

Transfer RNA Carries or transfers amino acids to the ribosomes according to the codon/anticodon arrangement.

What is Ribosomal RNA? what a ribosome is made of, along with protein

What is TRANSLATION?

The process of TRANSLATING the message from mRNA into a different language form = the chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

Where does translation take place Where does translation take place? Find the location on the diagram on the next slide.

At the ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell.

The 3 letter code on the mRNA CODON

The 3 letter code on tRNA anticodon

Where on the mRNA does translation start?

When it reads a START Codon. AUG is the start codon for all proteins.

BIG IDEA! How does protein synthesis result in gene expression?

Genes carry the DNA code which tells the ribosomes what proteins to make. These proteins create the traits that are seen in the organism.

1.Transcribe this DNA strand into mRNA AATACCGTGGATCGATC 2. Using the table, Translate the mRNA into the amino acid sequence to make a protein.

Nice work! If you got … Met-Ala-Pro-Ser-Stop

What is a Mutation? A change in the DNA

What can cause a mutation?

1. Chemicals in the environment- mutagens like pesticides 2. Energy exposure- ultraviolet radiation from the sun, x-rays, other sources of radiation 3. Cellular mistakes made during replication

What are the Types of Mutations?

Substitution, Insertion, Deletion These can cause changes at 1 codon point or shift the frame so that every codon after the mutation is affected.

What is an example of a Point Mutation? a Substitution.. This happens when one nitrogen base in the code is changed or substituted for the correct one.

2. What are Frameshift mutations? insertions or deletions that shift the frame and alter the codons from the error to the end of the mRNA

Thanks for playing!