PLANT LIFE 4thQ: Unit 1

How important is plant? Plants make food, oxygen, provide habitats for animals, help to make and preserve soil, provide useful products for people (including food, fibers, medicines, and etc.) and help to beautify our environment.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants turn raw materials like carbon dioxide and water into glucose in the presence of light.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PLANT 95% of the fresh weight of a plant is water. Water transports substances such as minerals and vitamins required for plant growth. Water maintains plant’s turgidity.

Transpiration During hot weather, water from plants evaporate to the environment through small openings in the leaves called stomata. This process is known as transpiration.

stomata It’s an organ that regulates the water loss in plant. Stomata consists of guard cells that controls the opening of the stoma. Stoma closes at night to reduce the loss of water and opens at daytime to allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for photosynthesis.

The Role of Transpiration It helps in transporting water and minerals to the plant. Xylem carries water and dissolved mineral from roots to the stem and the leaves. Phloem transports glucose from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering Plants Flowering plants reproduce through sexual reproduction. Sepals – protect flower during bud stage. Petals – are modified leaves that attract insects for pollination and protect the stamen and pistil of the flower. Stamen – male part Anther – has pollen sacs inside it which are the place for pollen grains formation. Pistil – female part Stigma – has sticky surface to enable it to attach with the pollen grain. Style – joins the stigma with the ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow towards the ovules. Ovary - protects the ovule which is an ovum (female gamete).

Asexual Reproduction in Non-flowering Plants Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involves reproductive cells. Spore formation: Ferns, Mosses, Mushrooms Vegetative reproduction Stems (sugarcane), leaves (aloe vera), suckers (pineapple), and underground stems (onion)

Pollination It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower. Agents of pollination are wind, water, animals, and insects to transfer the pollen grains.

Pollination to Fertilization Step 1: An insect carries pollen from one flower to another Step 2: The stigma catches the pollen Step 3: The pollen tube grows down to the ovary Step 4: The pollen fertilizes the ovule Step 5: The ovules develop into seeds Step 6: The ovary develops into a fruit

Wind Vs. Insect Pollinated Flowers

2 Types of Pollination Self-Pollination: occurs between the same or different flower of the same plant. Cross-Pollination: occurs between the flowers of different plants.

Cross-Pollination VS. Self-Pollination Difference Cross-Pollination Self-Pollination a. Number of plants involved Two One b. Characteristics of the offspring Healthy and resistant to the environmental changes Weak and not resistant to the environmental changes c. Variety More Less

Wind and Insect Pollinated Flowers

Seeds vs. Spores SEEDS SPORES Larger in size and can be seen and touched easily Multicellular located either in the fruit or flower of flowering plants germinates more easily disseminated by animals that eat the fruit of flowering plants Smaller or microscopic size Unicellular Located underneath the leaves of non-flowering plants Spores requires a wet environment to germinate Simply fall off or spread by the wind to propagate

Germination of Seed During germination, the embryo will develop into a shoot, seedling and roots respectively.

Condition for Germination Suitable Temperature for enzyme reaction, Air for respiration, and Water to soften the testa (or seed coat).

MONOCOT VS. DICOT COTYLEDON is an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

Angiosperm VS. Gymnosperm Angiosperms, also called flowering plants, have seeds that are enclosed within an ovary (usually a fruit), while gymnosperms have no flowers or fruits, and have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves.

Stimuli and Responses to Plants in the Environment 4 COMMON TROPISMS IN PLANTS Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism

Phototropism It is the growth of plants in response to light. Positive Phototropism is when the shoots grow towards light. Negative Phototropism is when the roots grow away from light.

Geotropism It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to gravity.

Hydrotropism It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to water.

Thigmotropism It is a growth response by plants to touch or contact with a solid structure.

TROPISM & NASTIC MOVEMENT Are growth responses of plant to external stimuli. Directional Movement Positive and Negative Tropism Usually, plants response for growth Are movements made by plants in response to external stimuli that may come from any direction Usually, plants response to touch for defense

NASTIC MOVEMENT Seismonastic – a type of nastic movement in response to touch to protect the plants against damage.

Application of Vegetative Reproduction Technology of vegetative reproduction includes stem cutting and tissue culture. STEM CUTTING – a method where a piece of twig is cut off from the parent plant and then placed in the soil. After a few days, grows into a new plant. (Sugar Cane) TISSUE CULTURE – a method of reproduction which produces new plants called clone from the tissue of the parent plant. (Carrot)

TISSUE CULTURE

BIOTECHNOLOGY What is Biotechnology? What are the different types of Biotechnology? What is Agricultural Biotechnology? State one benefit of Agricultural Biotechnology. How can Biotechnology help the environment? State one advantage of using Biotechnology.