Plants

General Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Perform photosynthesis Alternation of generations

Alternation of Generations One haploid generation One diploid generation

Alternation of Generations

Bryophytes Liverworts Hornworts Mosses

Bryophytes Small plants that grow in moist places on land Damp rocks, logs, forest floor, swamps, marshes, beside streams and pools Flagellated sperm cells Lack vascular tissues

Tracheophytes Vascular plants Adapted to living on land

Psilopsids

Club Mosses

Horsetails

Ferns

Seed Plants

Tracheophytes Protective layer of cells around reproductive organs Multicellular embryos Cuticles – waxy covering on outer cells Xylem

Vascular Tissues Specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients Xylem – transports water and minerals Phloem – transports water and food

Xylem and Phloem

Gymnosperms Cone-bearing plants Produce male and female cones

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms Flower-bearing plants Seeds are contained in a protective wall that develops into a fruit

Flowers

Double-fertilization

Parts of Plants

Roots Anchor plant in soil or to object Absorb water and minerals Store carbohydrates, water and other nutrients

Root Structure

Types of Roots

Taproot A thick root that has smaller, side-branching roots, e.g. cassava, carrots, beets, parsnips and turnips Used for storage

Tap roots

Fibrous Roots Made up of many smaller branching roots All about the same size and grow from a central point Do not grow as deeply, e.g. grass, strawberries, blueberries, scallions, marigolds and white clover

Fibrous Roots

Stems Provide support and attachment for roots, leaves, buds and flowers Allow growth in length and thickness Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves Transport carbohydrates from leaves to other parts

Transport Roots and leaves are connected by vascular tissue: a system of internal tubes Water and nutrients are transported by two tissues: Xylem and Phloem

Xylem and Phloem

Xylem Made of non-living cells Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

Phloem Consists of living cells Transports nutrients such as carbohydrates to needed areas or to roots for storage

Xylem and Phloem

Types of Stems

Rhizome An underground, horizontal stem that live through the winter, e.g. irises

Tuber An enlarged portion of a rhizome, e.g. potato

Bulb A shortened, compact, underground stem that is surrounded by fleshy leaves. E.g. onions, daffodils and tulips

Tulip Bulb

Stolons Also known as runners – aboveground stems, e.g. clover and strawberries

Leaves Capture sunlight for photosynthesis Regulate temperature via water evaporation Evaporation helps draw water up from roots

Leaf structure

Types of Leaves

Simple vs compound

Vein organization

Leaf arrangements