Biology 3451 - Entomology Introduction

How the course is organized Part 1: Guts ‘n’ Gonads Internal and External Structure 1. All major body sections + associated appendages 2. All major organ systems and how they work. Part 2: Tiptoe through the Orders 1. Insect evolution and paleontology 2. Characteristics of the insect orders and how they are related Part 3: Assorted and Fascinating Topics - such as: communication, overwintering strategies, mating systems, forensic entomology

Why we care about insects. 1. Annoyance

Why we care about insects. 2. Disease

Why we care about insects. 3. Competition

Why we care about insects. 4. Providers

Why we care about insects. 5. Fascination

History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology - scarab (dung ) beetle Cartouche of Pharaohs

History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology Buprestid beetle Related to myths of rebirth Elaterid beetle May be model for shields used in battle Flies Related to myths of rebirth

History of Entomology Egyptian Mythology Grasshoppers Represented life along the Nile Honey bees Linked with solar cult of Re – bees were tears of Re

History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Dragonflies Navajo dragonfly -involved in creation myths

History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Dragonflies Navajo dragonfly -involved in creation myths

History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Butterflies Hopi -symbol of rebirth, regeneration, happiness, joy

History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Biting flies Montagnais -’Big Biter’ – protector of fish

History of Entomology North American Native Mythology Ant Navajo dragonfly -involved in creation myths

Why we care about insects. 6. Mythology – North America Innuit Boy and mosquito Anishinababe How fly saved the river Mi’kmaq Where the mosquito came from Tlingit How mosquito came to be Lenape How the butterfly came to be Klamath Cricket and mountain lion Cherokee How the bee got its stinger Miwok Grasshoppers Koasati Locust and ant Baja Cricket and cougar Cheyenne Dragonfly Nez Percé Katydid

Approximately 100 references to insects – most are negative

History of Entomology Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) History of the Animals On the Parts of Animals On the Generation of Animals Contributions 1. Observations on behaviour/natural history 2. First attempt at taxonomy 3. Applied entomology (pest control) 4. Recognized metamorphosis

History of Entomology Pliny the Elder (23 - 79 AD) Historica Naturalis

History of Entomology Albertus Magnus (1193 - 1280 ) De Animalibus -covered 33 insect species

History of Entomology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) microscopy described viviparity and parthenogensis in aphids

History of Entomology Marcello Malpighi (1628 - 1694) -published first detailed anatomy of any invertebrate (Bombyx)

History of Entomology Jan Swammerdam (1637 - 1680) (“Father of Entomology”) -microanatomical studies (mayfly, honeybee)

History of Entomology John Ray (1628 - 1705) -scheme for classification of all living things (including insects)

History of Entomology Carl von Linné ( 1707 - 1778) (Linnaeus) binomial classification system described over 2000 species of insects

History of Entomology J.C. Fabricius (1745 - 1808) student of Linnaeus classified insects based on mouthparts Systema Entomologica (1775) -basis of insect classification Philosophia Entomologica (1778) -first entomology text - described >10,000 species

History of Entomology P.F.M.A. Dejean (1780 - 1845) -first to specialize on one group of insects - described >22,000 species of beetles

History of Entomology Thomas Say (1787 - 1834) -wrote first treatise on insects in North America “American Entomology”

History of Entomology Swammerdam Von Leeuwenhoek Say Ray Fabricius Aristotle Pliny the Elder Albertus Magnus 400 300 200 100 0 100 1100 1200 1300 Invention of microscope Swammerdam Von Leeuwenhoek Say Ray Fabricius Malpighi Linnaeus 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

PHYLOGENY Arthropoda Hexapoda Mandibulata Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles) Pauropoda Diplopoda (millipedes) Myriapoda Chilopoda (centipedes) Arthropoda Symphyla Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks) Eurypterida (sea scorpions) Chelicerata Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Trilobita (trilobites)

PHYLOGENY Arthropoda Hexapoda Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, barnacles) Pauropoda Diplopoda (millipedes) Myriapoda Chilopoda (centipedes) Arthropoda Symphyla Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks) Eurypterida (sea scorpions) Chelicerata Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Trilobita (trilobites)

The Insect Orders Collembola Protura Hexapoda Diplura Insecta

The Insect Orders Insecta Archaeognatha Thysanura Ephemeroptera Paleoptera Odonata Pterygota Plecoptera Embiidina Orthopteroids Phasmida Orthoptera Mantophasmatodea Zoraptera Dictyoptera Grylloblatodea Neoptera Hemipteroids Psocodea Thysanoptera Hemiptera Endopterygota

The Insect Orders (continued Archaeognatha Insecta Thysanura Paleoptera Orthopteroids Megaloptera Pterygota Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Neoptera Hemipteroids Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Endopterygota Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera

Animal Abundance - Number of Species

Animal Abundance - Number of Species

Relative Abundance of the Major Insect Divisions From the phylogenetic tree: Endopterygota = Coleopteroids + Strepsiptera + Lepidopteroids + Dipteroids + Hymenoptera Exopterygota = Hemipteroids + Paleoptera + Orthopteroids Apterygota = Thysanura + Archaeognatha

Insect Orders - Number of Species

Insect Orders - Number of Species (log plot)

2. Reproductive capacity & adaptibility WHY ARE INSECTS SO SUCCESSFUL? 1. Ability to fly 2. Reproductive capacity & adaptibility 3. Resist drying - exoskeleton 4. Small size 5. Metamorphosis

Next time Why insects are crunchy!