FIGURE 1: Urinary proteome analysis in nephrology

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FIGURE 1: Urinary proteome analysis in nephrology FIGURE 1: Urinary proteome analysis in nephrology. Proteome analysis of a urine samples (typically < 1 mL) gives information on the presence and abundance of more than 1000 peptides and proteins, which can be displayed graphically, or as a list. Abundance is typically normalized to internal standards, e.g. creatinine, or specific urinary peptides [30]. Several urinary proteins and peptides are associated with disease, as depicted in the lower left. They can be combined into a high-dimensional classifier (here exemplified for three biomarkers, hence three dimensions), separated into cases and controls. Each new sample can be placed into this dataspace, resulting in a numeric score indicating the presence or absence (as is the case here), and in general also the severity of disease. From: Pro: Urine proteomics as a liquid kidney biopsy: no more kidney punctures! Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(4):532-537. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv046 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 2: Graphical depiction of the information obtained from the different approaches. Kidney biopsy can give information on microscopic structural changes in the kidney. Subcellular structures, and even more the molecules involved in the molecular pathology, cannot be assessed except a reduced number of molecules using immunohistochemistry. In contrast, urine proteome analysis does not give information on morphological changes, but gives information on global protein changes in the kidney, which can be associated with the molecular changes in disease. Some of these molecules represent the most appropriate targets of therapeutic drugs; hence, proteome analysis can give guidance on the molecular structures to be targeted in therapy, information that can generally not be obtained from the biopsy. From: Pro: Urine proteomics as a liquid kidney biopsy: no more kidney punctures! Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(4):532-537. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv046 Nephrol Dial Transplant | © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved.