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Chapter Preview Health Definition And Approaches Wellness Careers History Careers

Psychology How many of you have an acquaintance who is a psychologist? Those of you who do not personally know a psychologist still have an idea of what psychology is. Where did your idea come from? Few students will have a psychologist acquaintance. Most students learn about psychology from the media: Movies, TV shows, and the news. Until the last decade, media portrayals of psychologists have been wildly inaccurate and even derogatory

Psychology The scientific study of behavior and mental process Systematic methods What can be directly observed Thoughts, feelings, motives Note: Instructors should note the goals of psychology – to describe, predict, and explain behavior. Those goals can easily be tied to the research methods discussed in Chapter 2 for added emphasis.

Science of Psychology Critical Thinking Skepticism Objectivity Curiosity Instructors may delete or modify discussion question at bottom of slide When we’re thinking about behavior and mental processes, why would we want our thinking to be “critical”?

Science of Psychology Critical Thinking Skepticism Objectivity Curiosity If the instructor wishes to delete this discussion question, delete this entire slide. What is the value of skepticism?

Psychology – A General Science Not Limited to Psychological Disorders Positive Psychology emphasizes human strengths Note: Instructors might point out that only two chapters in the text are dedicated to psychological disorders.

Narcissism Epidemic? Narcissism Generation Born Since 1980s usually self-confident self-assertive self-centered Generation Born Since 1980s “More narcissistic than early generations” vs. “Attitudes have been stable over time” Discussion question at bottom of slide may be deleted Are you more narcissistic than your parents?

History of Psychology Western Philosophy Biology and Physiology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) 1879 – established 1st psychology lab Wundt’s Structuralism structures of the mind introspection systematic, detailed self-report Note: For information on each point, see the text, Chapter 1, Psychology in Historical Perspective

History of Psychology Western Philosophy Biology and Physiology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) William James (1842-1910) James’ Functionalism functions / purposes of the mind mind’s interactions with outside world stream of consciousness Why is human thought adaptive? Note: For information on James & Functionalism, see the text, Chapter 1, Psychology in Historical Perspective: Wundt’s Structuralism and James’s Functionalism

History of Psychology Western Philosophy Biology and Physiology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) William James (1842-1910) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) On the Origin of Species, 1859 psychology and evolution Note: For information on Darwin, see the text, Chapter 1, Psychology in Historical Perspective: Darwin’s Natural Selection.

Psychology and Evolution Natural Selection competition for resources favors genetic characteristics that promote reproduction and survival environmental changes alter course of evolution Note: This also ties in with Evolutionary Psychology, dealt with later in the chapter.

Contemporary Approaches Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Note: It is important to stress early and often that these approaches are complementary, not contradictory… that they really represent different levels of analysis. Evolutionary Sociocultural

Biological Approach Neuroscience nervous system structure function development genetics biochemistry The brain is the physical basis of all thoughts and emotions

Behavioral Approach Environmental Determinants of Observable Behavior Reject Explanations Referencing Thought Notable Behaviorists Ivan Pavlov John Watson B.F. Skinner Note: Text does not happen to mention Pavlov. Many instructors will wish to mention Pavlov anyhow. If the instructor does not wish to mention Pavlov at this point, it may be deleted.

Psychodynamic Approach Freud Psychoanalysis unconscious thought conflict between biological drives and demands of society early childhood family experiences Instructors might elect to modify some of the content of this slide to fit their personal approach to discussing Freud

Humanistic Approach Positive Human Qualities/Potential Free Will Notable Humanistic Theorists Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

Cognitive Approach Mental Processes Involved in Knowing Information Processing how humans interpret incoming info, weigh it, store it, and apply it

Evolutionary Approach Explanations of Human Behavior: adaptation reproduction natural selection Notable Evolutionary Psychologist David Buss Note: Picture is of Jane Goodall

Sociocultural Approach Social and Cultural Environments Differences between ethnic and cultural groups within and across countries

Careers in Psychology Practice / Applied Research Teaching Of course, in reality, many career psychologists straddle these categories

Areas of Specialization Health Psychology Physiological Psych / Behavioral Neuroscience Clinical & Counseling Psychology Sensation and Perception Industrial / Organizational Psychology Areas Of Specialization Learning Social Psychology Cognitive Psychology Activity/Demonstration: It might be helpful to invite a few colleagues or a professional into your class to discuss their area of specialization and/or career. Note: Instructors might either delete and/or elaborate on these areas of specialization Personality Psychology Developmental Psychology Psychology of Women and Gender Motivation & Emotion

Influence of Culture Individualistic Cultures Collectivistic Cultures individuals viewed as unique and distinct from their social group value independence Collectivistic Cultures emphasize social group and the individual’s role within that group value interdependence Note: Instructors should stress that, although personal happiness is positively correlated with individualism, there is a price (e.g., higher suicide and divorce rates) Discussion question at the bottom of the slide is intended to engage students in appreciating the distinction between Individualistic and Collectivistic value systems. Instructor may elect to delete the question. In your opinion, which is a worse character flaw, being a pathetic “door mat” or being selfish and mean?

Influence of Culture Individualistic Subjects Collectivistic Subjects prefer to work on tasks that they have had previous success with like to emphasize their successes Collectivistic Subjects prefer to work on tasks that they have difficulty with self-critical view Instructor may elect to delete discussion question at the bottom of the slide. Would you rather work on a hobby that is easy for you, or difficult?

Health and Wellness Mind-Body Connection how the mind impacts the body how the body impacts the mind Activity/Demonstration: Have students generate examples of both bullet points, or have them sort your examples into the two categories

Chapter Review Explain what psychology is and describe the positive psychology movement. Discuss the roots and early scientific foundations of psychology. Summarize the main themes of the seven approaches to psychology. Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology. Describe the connections between the mind and the body.