Tomas Kohout, Antti Näsilä, Tuomas Tikka, Mikael Granvik, Antti Kestilä, Antti Penttilä, Janne Kuhno, Karri Muinonen, Kai Viherkanto, Esa Kallio VTT Technical.

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Tomas Kohout, Antti Näsilä, Tuomas Tikka, Mikael Granvik, Antti Kestilä, Antti Penttilä, Janne Kuhno, Karri Muinonen, Kai Viherkanto, Esa Kallio VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Aalto University, Espoo, Finland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland Reaktor Space Lab Ltd Institute of Geology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

Asteroid CubeSat mission analysis Deep space vs. LEO Required modifications Low-gravity environment Reduced set of objects for navigation reference Presence of significant orbital perturbation forces (solar wind, planetary perturbations, and intrinsic heat radiation) relative to the gravity of the orbiting object Increased radiation background (outside Earth’s magnetosphere) Limited direct communication opportunities Active propulsion system Multi-reference advanced navigation Reliable, semi-autonomous mission operation, navigation, and trajectory correction Enhanced radiation shielding/tolerance Foldable dish antenna or communication utilizing relay spacecraft

ASPECT Propulsion Avionics Payload: VIS-NIR spectral imager 3 unit CubeSat Radiation-hardened platform Propulsion Avionics Semi-autonomous navigation and operations Payload: VIS-NIR spectral imager Sun sensor Star tracker Navigation camera ISL Aalto-1 and Aalto-2 heritage (launched in June 2017)

ASPECT block diagram

Spectral imager concept 1U envelope 3 measurement channels: VIS (500–900 nm) spectral imager (614 x 614 pixels) NIR (900–1600 nm) spectral imager (256 x 256 pixels) SWIR (1600–2500 nm) spectrometer (1 pixel) VIS spectral imager in orbit and working on board Aalto-1 NIR spectral imager waiting to be integrated to Reaktor Hello World satellite Based on VTT’s tunable filter technology (Fabry-Perot Interferometers) Freely selectable wavelength bands On-board data processing

Spectral imager resolution

ASPECT scientific objectives Map the surface composition of the target Result Composition and homogeneity of the target surface Identification and distribution of volatiles Objective 2 Photometric observations and modeling of the target Surface particle size distribution Objective 3 Evaluate space weathering effects on target by comparing mature and freshly exposed material (crater walls, ejecta, landslides) Information on the surface processes on airless bodies due to their exposure to the interplanetary environment Objective 4 Identify local shock effects on target from spectral properties of crater interiors Information on the processes related to impacts on small Solar System bodies Objective 5 Characterize possible landing sites Detailed composition and surface roughness information on potential landing sites Objective 6 Evaluate surface areas and objects suitable for sample return or ISRU Identification of areas and objects with scientifically interesting properties

AIDA-ASPECT Currently other small body mission options for ASPECT are being evaluated.

SmallSats vs. BigSats – new era of exploration

Conclusions ASPECT is a 3U asteroid CubeSat with an VIS-NIR imaging spectrometer Versatile platform Scalable to 6U may carry additional payloads Main science objectives are to characterize target surface composition and identify areas of potential interest (landing, sampling, ISRU) CubeSats can complement spacecraft operations by undertaking risky observations CubeSats are cheap, simple, and can be deployed in a fleet Lets keep them small, simple, and deploy more of them!