7th Grade American History Colonial America

The Early English Settlements Essential Question: How did the Pilgrims and Wampanoag move from contact to cooperation to conflict?

The Lost Colony of Roanoke 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh claims Roanoke Island for Queen Elizabeth 1587 – Raleigh sends John White, 91 men, 17 women and 9 children to Roanoke When English ships return 3 years later, all colonists have disappeared

Jamestown Virginia Company – 1607 Settlers to search for gold and establish trade in fish and fur Colonists face hardships of disease and hunger Captain John Smith helps colony to survive first two years Experienced explorer Forces settlers to work Sough corn from Native Americas led by Chief Powahatan

The Starving Time Winter of 1609-1610 Fighting breaks out with Native Americans Begin growing tobacco – prosperity John Rolfe marries Pocahontas Relations with Native Americans improved

The Pilgrims’ Journey Allowed to settle in Virginia to practice their religion freely Only 35 of 102 passengers on board the Mayflower were Pilgrims 1620 Drop anchor in Cape Cod Bay Mayflower Compact signed before going ashore

The Mayflower Compact…Would you sign? Do you think the Pilgrims would have survived just as well if they had not written the Mayflower Compact?

Help from the Native Americans First winter – Nearly ½ of the Pilgrims die of malnutrition, disease and cold Spring – they befriend two Native Americans, Squanto and Samoset Showed Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans and pumpkins Helped them to make peace with Wampanoag people The two groups lived in harmony

Answer the Essential Question How did the Pilgrims and Wampanoag move from contact to cooperation to conflict?

Development of the 13 Colonies

New England Colonies Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island

New England Colonies Reason Founded (MA) Religious Freedom (NH/CN) Need more space for existing settlements (RI) Safe place for outcasts and exiled people

New England Colonies Religious (MA) Puritanism (RI) Tolerant

New England Colonies Economic Shipbuilding Fur and Fish Lumber Trade Subsistence Farming

New England Colonies Important Info Puritans – Came to America to practice their religion freely but had little toleration for other faiths.

Middle Colonies Colonies New York New Jersey Delaware Pennsylvania

Middle Colonies Reason Founded (NY)Founded by Dutch for trade purposes (NJ/DE) Expanded space for existing settlement (PA) Quaker Refuge

Middle Colonies Religion (PA) Quakers

Middle Colonies Economic Combination of plantations and industries

Middle Colonies Important Info William Penn saw PA as a chance to put Quaker ideals into practice. Quakers were pacifists and believed everyone was equal – “Society of Friends” New York is originally, “New Netherland”

Southern Colonies Colonies Maryland Virginia Carolinas Georgia

Southern Colonies Reason Founded (GA) Barrier to Spanish Florida (VA) Gold

Southern Colonies Religious (MD) Catholic (VA) Anglican

Southern Colonies Economic Plantation colonies Cash Crops: Tobacco, Rice, Indigo

Southern Colonies Important Info Economies were based on slave labor Bacon’s Rebellion showed American colonists would not be contained to the coast

Making Connections 1. Based on the map above, why do you think that New Netherland, later New York, was a valuable colony?   2. What was the main reason that Massachusetts colonists settled in the New World? 3. What was the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?

Life in the Colonies Essential Question: How did geography affect the development of the three colonial regions?

Population Growth Immigration Women marry early and have large families America is a healthy place to live

Farming Main economic activity for all colonies Farms in North are smaller than those in the South Why? ___________________________ Subsistence farming

Commerce in New England Small businesses Skilled craftsman trade their goods Shipbuilding (Lumber!!!) Fishing

The Middle Passage Enslaved Africans march to West African coast, traded to Europeans, branded and forced onto a ship Shipped to the West Indies (Middle Passage) Travel to slave markets in American ports

Middle Passage

The Middle Colonies Mild climate –bigger harvests than in New England Grew cash crops Farmers sent cargoes of wheat and livestock to NYC and Philadelphia for shipment Busy ports Largest cities in the American colonies

Southern Colonies and Farming Rich soil, warm climate Large farms producing cash crops Little industry develops

Tobacco and Rice Tobacco Rice Main crop in Maryland and Virginia Main crop in South Carolina and Georgia Very strenuous work = reliance on slave labor

Slavery 1705 – Virginia creates a slave code that defines relationship between enslaved people and free people Illegal to teach Africans to read or write Can’t leave plantation without written permission Can’t assemble in large groups Whipped for minor offenses Hanged or burned to death for major offenses

Criticism of Slavery More important to economic success of Southern colonies Less support for slavery in Northern Puritans and Quakers

Answer the Essential Question How did geography affect the development of the three colonial regions (New England, Middle and Southern)?

Government, Religion and Culture Essential Question: In what way was an American culture developing during the colonial period?

American Spirit ** Americans were beginning to view themselves differently from the way Britain viewed them**

Mercantilism England viewed its North American colonies as an economic resource

Navigation Acts Colonial merchants could not use foreign ships to export goods Colonists could not trade certain products outside England’s empire

Colonial Government Trial by Jury Government is not all powerful! Limited government Representative government

Voting Rights White men who owned property Number of colonists participating in government is higher than anywhere in Europe

Family Roles Men are formal heads of household Women run households, care for children, had few rights Widows or unmarried women could run businesses and own property but could not vote

Education Children usually taught to read and write at home Many colonies eventually developed schools Harvard College: Established by Puritans in 1636

Answer the Essential Question In what way was an American culture developing during this period?

The French and Indian War (1756-1763) Essential Question: Why did conflict arise in North America between France and Great Britain?

British and French Rivalry Control of world trade Control of North America land west of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio River Valley)

Native Americans Take Sides French interested in fur trade while English are interested in colonization French had many Native American allies; intermarriage is common and customs are followed Native Americans often help French and raid British settlements

The Iroquois Confederacy Most powerful group of Native Americans in the East (New York) Mid 1770s – become British allies

Washington’s First Command 1754 – 22 year old George Washington becomes a lieutenant colonel Washington and 150 militia men sent to build a fort in the Ohio River Valley French already built Fort Duquesne Washington attacked and was defeated Washington is released and becomes colonial hero for striking the first blow against the French

The Albany Plan of Union Developed by Benjamin Franklin Representatives adopted a plan of unified colonial government to stand against the French No colonies approved the plan. They didn’t want to give up their power French and Indian War erupts

Britain Declares War on France Fighting in America helps start Seven Years’ War in Europe Early on the French are Capturing British forts Native American allies are raiding frontier farms from NY to PA Killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops Drive many families back toward to coast

Pitt Takes Charge William Pitt: Great British military planner Sent forces to recapture fortresses previously taken by French Very successful

The Fall of New France The fall of Quebec and Montreal ended the war British troops captured Quebec in 1759

The Treaty of Paris 1763 – Forces France to give Canada and most lands west of the Mississippi River to Great Britain Also receives Spanish Florida and the port at New Orleans French loss is a great blow to Native Americans

Making Connections 1. Why do you think Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union? Answer the Essential Question: Why did conflict arise in North America between France and Great Britain?