Transition to an Anglo California Anglos in Pre-American CA 1820s-1840s Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 California State Constitutional Convention 1850 Californios Lose their Status Indians in Anglo CA

Anglos in Pre-American CA American Ideology Abel Sterns John Sutter

Abel Stearns

John Sutter

Sutter’s Fort

Mexican-American War From ‘Getting Along’ to Conquest, Racism Early U.S. Interest in CA Anxiety about Mexico’s size Manifest Destiny Bear Flag Revolt John C. Fremont vs General Vallejo Osos CA iconography and lore: Bear Flag Republic War Californio ambivalence Even Anglo ambivalence

John Fremont

General Vallejo

The Bear Flag

War’s End Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 amicable CA State Constitutional Convention 1850, Monterey Bilingual Who received protection? Who did not?

Selected Articles from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Art VIII – Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain, for the future, within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove, at any time, to the Mexican republic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this account, to any contribution, or tax, or charge, whatever. Those who shall prefer to remain in said territories, may either retain the title and rights of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be under the obligation to make their selection within one year from the date of exchange of ratifications of this treaty… In the said territories, property of every kind, now belonging to Mexicans not established there, shall be inviolably respected.

Californios: From Friendship to Racism Growing Racist Ideology Who was ‘white’? Greasers—social demotion Drought of 1850 Overgrazing Lack of access to water Land Law of 1851 60-65% of Californio lands eradicated

Indians in Anglo CA: 1850: An Act for Government & Protection of Indians When an Indian is convicted of an offence before a Justice of the Peace, punishable by fine, any white man may…give bond for said Indian, conditioned for the payment of said fine and costs, and in such case the Indian shall be compelled to work for the person…until he has discharged or cancelled the fine assessed against him Any Indian able to work and support himself in some honest calling, not having wherewithal to maintain himself, who shall be found loitering and strolling about, or frequenting public places where liquors are sold, begging, or leading an immoral or profligate course of life, shall be liable to be arrested…to hire out such vagrant within twenty-four hours to the highest bidder…