Connectors

Addition Comparison Contrast Time Result Summary Example Place

Subordinate Conjunctions They connect a dependent clause and an independent clause and establish a relationship between them. They happen at the beginning of a sentence (with a comma in the middle separating the clauses) or in the middle of a sentence with no comma. after if though although if only till as in order that unless as if now that until as long as once when as though rather than whenever because since where before so that whereas even if than wherever even though that while

Linking Adverbs and Transition Words: accordingly however nonetheless also indeed otherwise besides instead similarly consequently likewise still conversely meanwhile subsequently finally moreover then furthermore nevertheless therefore hence next thus

BEFORE & UNTIL (CONJUNCTIONS) Sometimes they can mean the same She wouldn’t let me drive on busy roads before/until I could control the car well.

Until We use until and not before to highlight that a particular action continues until a certain time and then stops. I just carried on having driving instructions until my driving instructor said I was ready to take the driving test.

Hardly, Scarcely, No sooner - Conjunctions After hardly and scarcely the second clause usually begins with when or before We had hardly driven out of our road before we were shouting at each other After no sooner the second clause begins with than or when I had no sooner passed my test then/when my friends started asking me for lifts. We normally use a past perfect with hardly, scarcely, and no sooner and a past simple in the other clause

Exercises The day was cold …………. windy. They day was cloudy, windy  and…….  cold. The wind was strong……………………  cold.  windy, it was also cold. The day was windy  and cold.  ……… , it was dry. It was bright, clear and windy.  …….. , it was cold.

The day was cold and windy. They day was cloudy, windy and also cold. The wind was strong as well as cold. Besides being windy, it was also cold. The day was windy  and cold. In addition, it was dry. It was bright, clear and windy. Moreover, it was cold.

His computer froze, ……….. he hit it. He hit it …… hard …… he damaged the keyboard. He took it to a repair center ….. it needed a new keyboard. He paid a lot to have it fixed.  ……………., he never hit his computer again.

His computer froze, so he hit it. He hit it so hard that he damaged the keyboard. He took it to a repair center because it needed a new keyboard. He paid a lot to have it fixed.  As a consequence, he never hit his computer again.

I like tomatoes, …….. he doesn't Oranges ….. tomatoes have vitamin C. Oranges have tomatoes, …… do tomatoes. ……. strawberries ……blueberries last very long. I don't like rhubarb, …… he doesn't ………. Oranges don't grow well here, but ……. we try . I like all fruit ………….grapefruit. I like …….. grapefruit ……. oranges, but …… lemons.

I like tomatoes, but he doesn't Oranges and tomatoes have vitamin C. Oranges have tomatoes, and so do tomatoes. Neither strawberries nor blueberries last very long. I don't like rhubarb, and he doesn't either. Oranges don't grow well here, but still we try . I like all fruit except for grapefruit. I like both grapefruit and oranges, but not lemons.