THEME: WATER AND ENERGY FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH   India water week 2017 THEME: WATER AND ENERGY FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH SMART CITIES AND WATER CHALLENGES Tanu Jindal (Professor and Director) Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, SAfety and Management, AMITY INSTITIUTE OF Water technology AND management, Amity center for Antarctica research and studies Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313

Why is it so critical to address this issue in Asia? More than 75% of the countries in the region are experiencing serious water insecurity, with many facing imminent water crises (Asian Water Development Outlook, 2013) Around 1.7 billion people in Asia without access to modern sanitation systems About 780 million people in the region still practice open defecation and 80% of wastewater is discharged with little or no treatment Lack of access to safe water and sanitation are among poverty indicators which are no longer measured only in terms of GDP

Major issues of rapid and unplanned urbanization Lack of hygiene Lack of access to safe drinking water Sanitation More than 60% of households live without safe, piped water supply and improved sanitation (Health in the Post-2015, Development Agenda for Asia and the Pacific) Many urban dwellers in major population centers, including Manila, Jakarta, Dhaka, and New Delhi, lack access to modern sanitation, making them more vulnerable to waterborne diseases

Drinking Water Scenario in India Rural Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells Urban India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply

Urgent need for Sanitation and Water Policy in India India continues to be a country with the highest number of people (597 million people) i.e. approximately 60% of the world data practicing open defecation (OD) (WHO, UNICEF, 2014)

Low Developing Countries(LDC’s) Population OD India Low Developing Countries(LDC’s) Urban 12% 6% Rural 65% 30% India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization)

Ministry of Earth Sciences Study of contamination of soil and water through heavily loaded unlined drains in Delhi The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching

Nine major drains were selected in Delhi for the study: Nazafgarh Khyber pass Qudasia Bagh/Mori Gate Delhi Gate Barapulla Maharani Bagh Kalkaji Okhla Shahdara

SAMPLING SHAHDARA DRAIN OKHLA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN DELHI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAIN MORI GATE DRAIN KALKAJI DRAIN NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN

Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids  Samples   Temperature Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l) Ground water Drain Leachate Najafgarh 25.7±2.1 23.0±4.1 ns 597±46.12 3990±426.47 b 258±21.71 2962±279.52 a Okhla 25.6±1.4 23.1±2.5 ns 841±74.45 21489±832.62 a 375±22.55 13924±1147.25 a Shahdara 25.0±2.3 26.1±2.4 ns 1609±112.26 5804±523.33 a 764±15.76 4410.5±55.02 a Khyberpass 25.7±2.4 25.4±3.6 ns 1089±132.46 2661±234.47b 488±26.42 13751.7±875.85 a Mori gate 26.1±2.1 23.8±2.0 ns 1321±45.32 12420±1754.76a 604±48.65 8318±537.50 a Delhi gate 25.8±3.4 24.4±3.1 ns 1617±123.45 9175±335.34 a 776±56.36 5978.5±487.31 a Barapullah 25.0±5.4 24.8±2.8 ns 1447±97.38 34700±1432.52c 664±54.69 4508±423.67 a Maharanibagh 24.1±1.4 24.3±4.7 ns 1908±245.95 7440±368.64 a 921±86.48 3816±279.40 a Kalkaji 25.6±1.3 26.0±3.2 ns 1256±140.75 34600±1758.40 a 577±48.96 4458±438.94 a Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), (mg L-1)- 1500, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard

Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l  Samples  Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l Turbidity (NTU) BOD @ 27 deg C for 3 days Groundwater Drain Leachate Ground water Najafgarh 302.47±27.44 1030.2±94.52 a 6.0±1.21 2.55±0.12 a 0.1±0.02 68.0±9.15ns Okhla 222.24±19.41 5010.5±486.55 a 3.0±0.96 9.86±2.41 a 1.3±0.08 104.5±8.28ns Shahdara 425.96±36.63 2860.7±236.41 a 2.5±0.85 25.15±6.85c 1.8±0.34 81.5±8.22ns Khyberpass 351.88±19.53 2244.85±181.34 a 4.5±1.42 9.4±2.36 a 1.56±0.24 83.10±9.56b Mori gate 407.44±28.44 3241±273.40 a 3.4±0.56 18.75±4.15ns 1.76±0.12 100. 5±6.12 a Delhi gate 457.44±31.62 2731±301.77 a 4.6±1.32 2.45±0.42 a 2.0±0.26 243±14.26 a Barapullah 333.36±19.23 2592.8±205.38 a 3.0±1.10 12.6±2.52ns 1.24±0.34 92.48±7.08 a Maharanibagh 185.2±11.68 7185±468.64 a 6.4±1.84 15.5±3.65 a 1.89±0.11 96.30±8.16b Kalkaji 351.88±27.39 2870.6±239.35 a 2.8±0.36 2.6±0.66 a 2.1±0.09 72.0±9.39 a WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3), ( mg L-1)- 500; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg L-1)- 2

Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite Sample Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) Nitrate (as NO3) Nitrite (NO2) Ground water Drain Leachate Najafgarh 7.12±1.21 280.22±18.13ns 0.09±0.01 131.79±10.57 a 3.22±0.22 0.10±0.02 a Okhla 4.51±0.58 402.25±22.35b 13.04±0.23 1306±44.25 a 0.09±0.00 29.75±2.34 a Shahdara 3.81±0.48 382.5±13.48 a 20.46±2.14 201.15±15.42b 0.41±0.03 4.25±0.79 b Khyberpass 4.28±0.75 285.21±14.28 a 19.35±3.52 88.20±7.26 a 2.74±0.56 a Mori gate 3.9±0.23 363.5±17.64 a 51.65±6.19 597.45±27.89 a 130.23±4.55 a Delhi gate 4.7±0.68 48.5±4.01 a 0.12±0.0 123.29±19.89 a 0.59±0.13 a Barapullah 5.0±0.75 310.0±16.87 a 132.19±11.07 471.23±34.18 a 1.68±0.05 4.44±0.68 a Maharanibagh 4.78±0.40 481.45±23.16 a 96.3±14.25 752.8±46.89 a 0.05±0.0 18.08±2.10 a Kalkaji 8.45±0.68 242.62±16.92 a 18.16±1.41 1172.98±117.22 a 0.08±0.0 4.94±0.36 a WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg L-1)- 10; Nitrate (NO3), (mg L-1)- 45; Nitrites (NO2), (mg L-1)- 0.1

Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count   Sample Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml) Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml) Groundwater Drain leachate Najafgarh 2.99 4.81 1.60 4.39 Okhla 1.91 4.91 1.17 4.68 Shahdara 2.87 4.85 2.16 4.56 Khyberpass 4.05 3.83 Mori gate 2.72 4.14 1.30 3.93 Delhi gate 2.15 4.44 1.41 4.13 Barapullah 2.65 4.54 0.95 4.10 Maharanibagh 2.07 4.45 1.28 4.26 Kalkaji 4.25 3.99 WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

Heavy metals detected

Recommendations Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains

Zero Discharge of Effluent Domestic Use STP ETP & STP treated water Fresh Water Process Use ETP Tertiary Treatment Use for Horticulture

The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role providing community latrines like toilet blocks distribution of soaps inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under CSR Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation

Principles of ecosanitation closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture FOOD NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction

Ministry of Environment and Forests Surface and groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of Agrochemicals (pesticides) use -Rice -Cotton -Vegetables

Farmers use higher doses ignoring the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity This leads to severe contamination of the soil besides the agricultural produce may carry high pesticide residues Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater Farmers also use banned pesticides which are easily available and are cheap

Area study and Site selection Crop Pesticide Usage Area Sites River Vegetable 9% Delhi Yamuna Khaddar Yamuna Rice 29% Noida Badoli Banger Hindon Cotton 27% Sirsa Punjuwan Ghaggar

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Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater Pesticides Vegetable Rice Cotton GW SW Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’ DDT ) 31.2% 45% 31.9% 61.1% 65.2% 91.6% Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate, Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos, Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion) 19.4% 25% 13.8% 52.7% All Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate) BDL Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor, pendimethalin) 43.7% 6.25% 12.5% 81.2% 75% Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value * BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water

Recommendations Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides

New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water

Department of Science and Technology Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management To study the dissipation, leaching and persistence of Chlorpyrifos in three types of soils with different pH Chlorpyrifos is being used by pest controllers in buildings for termite control beyond the prescribed dosages of 1 L/M2 of 20% EC formulation (recommended by BIS) in India Farmers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available It is a neurotoxin that presents particular dangers to the developing brains and bodies of children, unconsciousness, convulsions, and death can result with sufficient exposure Department of Science and Technology

The area and site selected for the study were: Soil Texture pH Area Site Neutral Sandy loam 6.9 Delhi Nazafgarh Alkali 9.2 Haryana KVK, Ujha village, Panipat Acidic 5.5 Uttarakhand KVK, Lohaghat, Champawat

Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Alkali Soil Site Acidic Soil Site Neutral Soil Site Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling

Chlorpyrifos Residue Contamination In Leachate of Neutral, Acidic and Alkali Soil pH of soil Single dose treatment Double dose treatment Neutral (6.9) 37.74% 85.16% Acidic (5.5) 51.52% 91.15% Alkali (9.2) 35.31% 73.73%

Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment WP-Wettable Powder EC-Emulsifiable Concentration WG- Wettable Granules LC-Liquid Concentration ME-Microencapsulation

Recommendations Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment

34st India Scientific Expedition to Antarctica as part of the NCAOR programme on environmental monitoring Environmental toxicological studies on Schirmacher (Maitri) station in Antarctic region

Environmental Science Courses at Amity B.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution) 2. Waste Management M.Sc. Environmental Sciences 1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes 2. Solid Waste management Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Courses:  1. Aquatic Ecology 2. Advances in Water Quality & Management 3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management

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