Honors Marine Biology Module 3 September 16, 2014 The First Four Kingdoms Part 1

Random Acts of Kindness Class Challenge Random Acts of Kindness

Next Week’s Challenge Who can tell the best Joke

Today is Notebook Check Through Module 2 to include all of your homework, Module 1 and 2 Tests and Lab book.

Wet Lab September 30 Location: South Lido Beach When: Sept 30th 10:30am to 12:15pm We will be leaving from school and returning to school. What to bring: Your LAB BOOK AND PEN. Wear cloths that could get wet. Sunscreen, towel, shoes that can get wet. Bring water bottle and your lunch so that you can eat on your way back to class at 1:00pm

Homework Any Questions??

Quiz # 4 Identify: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cellular organelles

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Classification of Living Things

Kingdom Monera Represents the least complex organisms in creation. They are mind-bogglingly complex, they are still as “simple” as life gets. Members of Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes, so their cell structure is basic, yet they play important roles in the ocean.

Kingdom Monera Is mostly known as bacteria Prokaryotic, single celled microscopic organisms. Single celled Microscopic Organisms Lacking nuclei or other organelles

Marine Bacteria Are mostly rod-shaped, and their plasma membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. Even through they are very simplistic organisms, they can execute almost all the major chemical processes that more complex organisms carry out.

Marine Bacteria Some have a few processes exclusive to their own group. Some bacteria have the ability to survive in areas that are deadly to most organisms, enduring extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or harsh chemicals. They are not primitive or undeveloped and are actually have quite complex cellular processes.

Heterotrophic Bacteria Most bacteria cannot produce their own energy to survive and therefore are heterotrophs, they feed on other organic matter. Heterotropic bacteria obtain their food by breaking down either the waste products of other organisms or dead organic material. This bacteria is called decomposers.

Decomposers Organisms that break down dead organic matter into smaller molecules. These decomposers are the recyclers of the earth, obtaining the essential nutrients from wastes or dead organisms and processing them back into useable forms for the rest of creation.

Decomposers are found Everywhere in the Marine Environment! On Surfaces In the water column In the bottom sediment (most common)

Autotrophic Bacteria This is bacteria that can produce their own organic compounds. They are divided into two types: Bacteria that can Photosynthesize Bacteria that can Chemosynthesize

Photosynthesic Bacteria They contain chlorophyll and 2. Utilize light energy to manufacture organic compounds.

Chemosynthesis Bacteria This bacteria use energy stored in chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or methane to produce their own organic compounds. Chemosynthesis: The making of organic material from inorganic substances using chemical energy.

Cyanobacteria They are commonly called blue-green algae, because they are a plant-like group of photosynthetic bacteria. However, they are not true algae because they are prokaryotic.

Cyanobacteria Their color comes from the green chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis as well as the bluish and reddish pigments in their cells. Prokaryotes photosynthesize on the folded membranes of their cell. Blue-green algae do not have the chloroplasts found in eukaryotic producers.

Many of these cyanobacteria are microscopic, but some can be seen with the naked eye because they form long strands or mats that float on top of the water.

Cyanobacteria Is found nearly everywhere in creation. They can withstand wide ranges of salinity and temperature, so they inhabit many different marine locations. They live on sea grasses and other small organisms, mudflats, in intertidal areas near shorelines as well as coral reefs.

Cyanobacteria In the warm water ocean’s surface, cyanobacteria in under prime conditions to multiply rapidly, producing dense concentrations of individuals, and giving the water a reddish color. Cyanobacteria are just one of the many organisms that can change the ocean’s color through overpopulation.

Red Tide

Cyanobacteria Some can remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and use it in their metabolic processes. One of the major inorganic nutrients primary producers require in order to survive is nitrogen.

Nitrogen Cycle The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen as N2 gas, the preferred form for primary producers is nitrate (NO3). These special cyanobacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and transform it to something other producers can use: NO3 This is called Nitrogen Fixation and is very important in the survival of other species.

Mr. Wilson’s Fish Tank

Nitrogen Cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEyd7TlyIJA

Kingdom Protista: Unicellular Algae Simple organisms that live in the water (both fresh and salt) and usually photosynthesize. Algae are Eukaryotic, (their cells have membrane bound organelles) Their colors vary depending on the pigment – green, brown, and even red.

Algae Do not have roots, stems or leaves. They do not flower Some have Flagella and swim Range in size from one single cell to very large multicellular organisms.

Phytoplankton Phyto means plant Plankton refers to floating Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic organisms that drift in the water.

Diatoms Are extremely plentiful phytoplankton in the oceans, especially in temperate waters. Because of this, they are the greatest producers of oxygen on the planet.

Dinoflagellates Like Diatoms, these organisms make up a large group of single-celled phytoplankton. Like seaweeds and land plants, they have a cell wall made mainly from cellulose, but unlike seaweed and land plants, the cell wall is used as armored plating.

Most dinoflagellates have chlorphyl and are photosynthetic, sometimes rivaling diatoms as primary producers. During the right conditions, these organisms can reproduce at a rapid rate, resulting in dense concentrations of individuals called a bloom.

Red Tide In the waters of Sarasota Bay, Red Tide is produced by a dinoflagellates bloom. These dinoflagellates release toxic substances when their hard exterior breaks open. When there is a bloom this toxin will result in the deaths of many organism.

Experiment 3.1: Unicellular Algae To Observe some unique features of unicellular Algae. Diatoms and dinoflagellates

Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular.

Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic organisms Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic organisms. Their cell walls are composed of two interlocking silica halves. These sink to the ocean floor when diatoms die, becoming part of the sediment. As they stay preserved for years, fossil diatoms are a valuable record of past oceanic environments.

Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists which exhibit a great diversity of form.

Dinoflagellates Many are photosynthetic, manufacturing their own food using the energy from sunlight, and providing a food source for other organisms. Some species are capable of producing their own light through bioluminescence, which also makes fireflies glow. There are some dinoflagellates which are parasites on fish or on other protists.

Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates

Bioluminescence Dinoflagellates

A red tide is a “bloom” of a group of phytoplankton called dinoflagellates. A “bloom” occurs when a particular species of dinoflagellate begins reproducing rapidly, resulting in millions of cells in each gallon of water. Not all phytoplankton species produce visible blooms. The phytoplankton cells that cause a red tide contain pigments for capturing sunlight needed for cell nourishment, growth, and reproduction. These pigments can give off a reddish color in the water when enough are present.

Over growth of Dinoflagellantes on corals

Experiment 3.2: Marine Protozoans Most foraminiferans are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton). Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure.

marine microorganism called a Foraminifera. These Protists are more like animals because they do not contain chloroplasts. Instead they capture food with long, thin, retractable pseudopodia that stream through the pores in their shells.

This is a photo of a living planktonic foraminifera with its psuedopodia radiating outward.

Foraminifera typically have internal skeletons made of calcium carbonate and composed of a series of chambers arranged in a spiral. Although many Foraminifera species live on the ocean bottom, a few are planktonic and can be very abundant. They are so abundant that when their shells sink to the sea floor they create a layer of calcareous ooze. Geologists study the chemical composition of these shells, as well as species distributions, to learn about past climates.

Radiolarians Radiolarians are part of the marine plankton. They occur in all oceans.

Radiolarians With their glassy skeletons of often perfect geometric form and symmetry, radiolarians are among the most beautiful of all protists. 

Homework Read and Study Module 3 (p.66-73) Complete OYO: 3.1 to 3.6 Study Guide Define: a – f and Questions 2 – 10. Finish up Lab book drawings Quiz: Class Challenge: The best Joke