To be able to put forward a clear and plausible argument Lesson Objective: To be able to put forward a clear and plausible argument

The 6 parts of a speech: Introduction – grab the audiences attention, establish yourself as an authority figure – Your ETHOS appeal Narration - You clearly state the area of the argument / topic and set out the facts of the case as generally understood Division – this is where you can say what you and your opponents agree about, and the areas where you disagree Proof – Set out the arguments supporting your case – Your LOGOS Refutation – this is where you consider what the opposition would say and smash their side of the argument into tiny pieces Conclusion – sum up all that has been said – reiterating the main points – this is where the PATHOS will come into play the most

Narration - You clearly state the area of the argument / topic and set out the facts of the case as generally understood. It needs to be concise, clear and plausible. It’s the who, what, when and where Division – this is where you can say what you and your opponents agree about, and the areas where you disagree

Narration Filling in the audience – giving them the information they need to understand your argument / speech – the WHO, WHAT, WHERE and WHEN You frame the terms of the debate / topic – defining key terms (the last thing you want is a whole speech given to an audience who are in the dark as to what you are talking about) It’s good to simplify the debate / argument by reducing it to A vs B

“You’re either with us, or you’re with the terrorists” A vs B argument “You’re either with us, or you’re with the terrorists”

DIVISION In Division, you start by summarising the obvious points of agreement, then set out the points that are at issue Whatever your topic or argument, you can find a common ground that both sides will agree on. Example – the Labour party and the Government both AGREE that there is a RECESSION The Government say we should make CUTS to get us out of the recession The Labour party say we should SPEND money to get us out of the recession

Have a go…. Write the opening section of a speech. Include the following: ETHOS Narration Division The topic for your argument is: Privacy rules for the Royal Family. You are arguing FOR extra laws to prevent journalists from invading the Royals’ privacy. What is the common ground that everyone would agree with? What are the main differences of opinion What is your strongest point FOR the argument

Public Speaking Lesson 7 Lesson Objective: To explore the ways in which you can put forward your ‘PROOF’ and ‘REFUTATION’

Proof (LOGOS) Which of these statements sounds more convincing and logical? - The Green School is a great school - The latest Ofsted report judged The Green School as outstanding When speaking in public you have to appeal to your audience. You need to find common ground. One thing that humans as a whole don’t like is change or anything new! Therefore when speaking in public you can refer to the past and stories that the audience will be familiar with. For example – the statement above is more appealing because most of the audience (if not ALL) would be familiar with Ofsted and be aware that it is the authority on education

Refutation This is where you disprove your opponent’s argument This can be done before your own ‘proof’ is delivered – especially if your own argument is weak. The world is full of cases where both sides of an argument are correct, or where both are wrong. Your task is to make it look like they are mutually exclusive. Making your argument have an opposite is very effective: Down with TUITION FEES! Up with OPPORTUNITY!

Debate = find your partner You will be given a debate topic with a particular viewpoint There is someone in the room with an opposing viewpoint Find your partner by going round the room and asking people what their views are!

Eating meat is murder Mobile phones being used in the classroom aides teaching and learning If you can get married when you are 16 then you should be entitled to vote at 16 The journalists who were involved in the hacking scandal should be put in jail for their crimes Students in European countries wear their own clothes to school Teaching politics in schools should be compulsory so that young people understand what they are voting for If an animal is already dead then eating it is morally acceptable If mobile phones were used in the classroom then they would be used inappropriately The voting age is 18 because before you are 18 you are dependant on your parents/guardians Journalists only hack into people’s phones and emails if it is in the public’s interest If students aren’t wearing school uniform then they won’t work as hard If politics is taught in school there is the risk that teachers will impose their political views onto students

As a pair Take one of the viewpoints and use it as a POINT Eg. Eating meat is murder Eg. Many of you probably have eaten meat in the course of your day. But let me tell you this. Meat is Murder. I know a lot of you will disagree, and say that it’s human nature and goes back to the time of cavemen. But to that, I say, we’ve moved on! Eating meat is neither civilised or respectful; it is in fact primitive just like those cavemen. Now, together, expand on that one point by using Proof and Refutation Alongside those techniques make your argument sophisticated by using persuasive techniques such as: Alliteration Repetition Similes Exaggeration Interrogative sentences (questions) Declarative sentences (statements) Emotive language Slogans Short, snappy sentences for effect Link your opening and your ending