Unit 3 Transportation Systems The IMMUNE System Unit 3 Transportation Systems

Functions of the Immune System Provide immunity to the body by protecting against disease Identify and kill pathogens and tumor cells

Our 1st Line of Defense... Physical barrier preventing microbial access Skin Mucous membranes Physiological variables pH of our environment temperature of our environment Chemical defenses AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM…

The Invaders . . . Bacteria Viruses Parasites such as fungi, protista, & worms

Structures of the Immune System

Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located on either side of the throat Destroy harmful organisms that enter the body through the mouth Types Palatine - each side of the soft palate Pharyngeal – in the nasopharynx Lingual – at the back of the tongue

Lymph Nodes Filter or trap foreign particles Contain white blood cells Found throughout the body Lymph - thin watery fluid that forms when plasma enters into the tissue spaces

Spleen Organ located behind the stomach and below the left side of the diaphragm Produces leukocytes Destroys RBCs and thrombocytes Filters wastes from body tissues Stores RBCs

Reviewing the Cells of the Immune System Eosinophil Erythrocyte Monocyte Lymphocyte Neutrophil polymorph Basophil

Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes: T Lymphocytes: T-Helper cells Start in the bone marrow Produce Antibodies Called into action when stimulated by a foreign antigen, usually a protein from the invader T Lymphocytes: Help signal immune cells into action Immunocompetence (maturation) occurs in thymus Non-antibody producing cells T-Helper cells Function to stimulate B cells to activate their attack against the invaders www.academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/aviruses/cellular-immune.html

Phagocytes Macrophages (BIG Eaters) Neutrophils Macrophages attacking a cancer cell

The Immune Response When a foreign substance enters the body, antigens are produced which stimulate antibody production. These antibodies bind to an antigen and mark the antigen for destruction by other immune system cells

Macrophages and neutrophils circulate in the blood and survey the body for foreign substances. When they find foreign antigens, like bacteria, they engulf and destroy them. Macrophages and neutrophils destroy foreign antigens by making toxic molecules

T cells have molecules on their surface that help them recognize antigen fragments. B cells make antibodies that bind to an antigen and marks it for destruction. Memory B cells save this information for many years to keep the body prepared against future invasions.

Diseases and Careers Immune System

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Contagious disease compromising the immune system Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Capable of becoming multi drug-resistant AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection Characterized by opportunistic infections There is no cure

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Affects T cells within the immune system Attacks the RNA of the T cell Causes the T cell to alter its DNA to become HIV When the infected T cell replicates, the T cell creates more HIV

Lupus Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting many organ systems Body’s defenses are turned against itself and immune cells attack healthy tissues

Mononucleosis Also known as the kissing disease Infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Most commonly affects young adults between the ages of 15 and 25

Careers Microbiologist:a scientist who studies organisms called microbes. Microbes can take the form of bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The microbiologist is trained to study these microbes in depth. He or she must be familiar with the microbes' environments, how they live, and the effect they have on the world around them. $60,000 - $90,000. Graduate Degree Epidemiologist: investigates and describes the determinants of disease, disability, and other health outcomes and develops the means for prevention and control. Epidemiologists may study many different diseases, such as tuberculosis, influenza, or cholera, often focusing on epidemics. >$90,000/year. Graduate Degree

Careers Continued Ethicist: $60,000 – 90,000/year; Educational requirements: More than 4 years. Medical ethicists are professionals who specialize in giving ethical advice and recommendations in healthcare settings.