Presentation on Antibiotics & its Resistance Presented by: Mr. Piyush Yadav Asstt. Professor Prasad Institute of Technology Department of Pharmacy Jaunpur

Key points : What is Antibiotics ? Classification of Antibiotics Use of Antibiotics Misuse of Antibiotics Antibiotic Resistances and Cross Resistances Antibiotics side effects Mistreatment of Doctors Unconsciousness of Patients What is the Rules of Pharmacist My Opinions

Antibiotics : Substance (such as penicillin) that destroys or inhibits the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and is used in the treatment of external or internal infections. While some antibiotics are produced by microorganisms, most are now manufactured synthetically

Classification of antibiotics : Antibiotics are classified several ways. On the basis of mechanism of action On the basis of spectrum of activity On the basis of mode of action

On the basis of mechanism of action: Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors: DNA Synthesis Inhibitors Penicillins Cephalosporins Vancomycin Beta-lactamase Inhibitors Polymycin Bacitracin Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) Metronidazole RNA synthesis Inhibitors Rifampin Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors Inhibit 30s Subunit Aminoglycosides (gentamycin) Tetracyclines Inhibit 50s Subunit Macrolides Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Isoniazid Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Streptogramins

On the basis of mechanism of action:

On the basis of spectrum activity : Broad spectrum antibiotics : Amoxicillin Tetracycline Cephalosporin Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Short spectrum antibiotics: Penicillin –G Cloxacillin Vancomycin Bacitracin Fluxacillin

On the basis of mode of action: Bacteriostatic antibiotics Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Lincomycin Bacteriocidal antibiotics Cephalosporin Penicillin Aminoglycosides Cotrimoxazole

Antibiotics indications: Pneumonia Diphtheria Sepsis Gynecologic Infections Meningitis Syphilis Osteomyelitis Respiratory Infections Urinogenital Infections ENT Infections Gall Infections Fungous Infections Quinsy Skin Infections Mucous Membrane Infections Scarlet Fever

Misuse of antibiotics : Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may produce serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs" relatively harmless bacteria can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

Antibiotics resistance If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit or kill the microorganism is greater than normal use then the microorganism is considered to be resistant to the drug. OR The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell.      

Cross-resistance Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic that often results in resistance to other antibiotics, usually from a similar chemical class, to which the bacteria may not have been exposed. Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to both colistin and polymyxin B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

Mistreatment of Doctor

Inappropriate prescription : In an analysis of prescribing practices in teaching hospitals worldwide, more than 40 % of all antimicrobials prescribed were considered inappropriate. Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of inappropriate or improper use of antibiotics by physicians.   Some 150 million prescriptions are written annually in the USA   And   Of those, 50 million are absolutely unnecessary or inappropriate”.

Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the antibiotics Mr: Don’t forget to take one of our antibiotics free sample before you leave the hospital Free sample Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the antibiotics

You should avoid it ,don’t take antibiotics without prescription. You get a fever. You have diarrhoea. You catch a cold. Take a couple of antibiotics (Amoxicillin ,Azithromycin) You should avoid it ,don’t take antibiotics without prescription.

But many doctors/quacks prescribed antibiotics in viral diseases without test. Viral illness needs time to heal, antibiotic can not help to cure this illness.

Antibiotics side effects: The most common side effects of antibiotics : Diarrhoea Bloating and indigestion Abdominal pain Loss of appetite Being sick Feeling sick Itchy skin rash Coughing life-threatening allergic reaction

Unconsciousness of Patient Without proper direction the patient take the drug. They do not maintain the dosage intervals and complete the dose. Patient stop the drug when feel better.

What Is The Rules Of Pharmacist The pharmacist should review the previous diseases history of the patient Hypersensitivity reaction of Drug Drug-drug interaction Exact dose and frequency of the drug When the drug should be taken before or after meal Suggest not to stop the antibiotics without complete the course even feel better

My Opinion The doctor must be concern about the disease whether it viral or bacterial. They should not prescribed the drug without test or over sure . The pharmacist should also more conscious about the dose ,drug interaction, resistant and hypersensitivity of the drug . The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion of the pharmacist.

Thank you