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Overview Introduction to Computers Characteristics of Computers History/Evolution Generation Of Computers The Short History of Computer

History/Evolution Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacus Invented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.) In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped Reckoner None of these machines had memory, and they required human intervention at each step

 1672 Gottfried Leibnitz builds and creates a machine that can add,subtract,multiply and divide automatically  Josef-Marie Jacquard invents perforated card for use on his loom

In 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of many useful functions) Based on the “method of finite difference” Implements some storage In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he could build it It was built after his death, powered by steam

 Charles Baggage desings the analytical machine that follows instructions from punched cards  Hermann Hollerith constructs an electromechanical machine using perforated cards

Generations Of Computers First Generation ( ) Second Generation( ) Third Generation( ) Fourth Generation( ) Fifth Generation(1990 till date)

Key for Computer Generations  Time Frame  Circuit Components  Elements per Component  Internal Storage  Memory Capacity  Data Input  Popular Computers and Companies at that time

First Generations  Vacuum Tubes  Magnetic Drum  4,000 bits  Hard Wire Programs in computers  IBM 650, Univac I  ENIAC

Second Generation  Transistors  Magnetic Cores  32,000 bits  Punch Cards  CDC, GE, IBM

Third Generation  Silicon Chips (Integrated circuits)= IC  Cores, IC’s  128,000 bits  Keyboard Entry  IBM, NCR, Honeywell

Fourth Generation  Silicon Chips (Large scale integrated circuits)=LSI  IC’s, LSI’s  100 million bits  Read programs off disks  Apple, Xerox, Texas Instrument, Hewlett-Packard

Fifth Generation 1990-present  Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits) VLSI  LSI’s, VLSI’s  Unlimited  CD Rom, Optical Disk  NEC, Packard Bell, Compaq, Other Clones

The Short History of Computer  Early  Early computing machines(Mechanical)  about  about 3000 BC - The abacus is invented,probably in Babylonia  Blaise Pascal builds the first numerical calculating machine that can add and subtract.

1st Generation( ) vacuum tubes (ENIAC)  America got its first glimpse of ENIAC in  ENIAC was built by Eckert and Mauchly.  ENIAC was announced on February 14th,1946.  It was first introduced to the Army. The ENIAC museum online

1st Generation (con’t)  In 1949 Wilkes assembled the EDSAC.  Mark 1 Computer used Williams memory in  Forrester installed magnetic memory in  The 701 was shipped in The EDSAC

Different examples of vacuum tubes

2nd Generation ( ) Transistors  IMB’s 7000seris,the first transistorized computers.  IMB had an 81.2% share of the computer market.  IMB announced the System/360.

3rd Generation( ) Integrated Circuits  Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the PDP-8.  The PDP-8 was the 1st commercially successful mini- computer.  PARC invented the personal computer graphical user interface. nobelprize.org/educational_ga mes/physics/integrated_circui t/history/index.html

4th Generation(1971-present) Microprocessor  Kenbak-1, 1st personal computer.  Ray Tomlinson sent the first .  IMB invented the 8in. Floppy disk.  1986 Pixar is founded erhistor.com Microsoft office clipart

5th Generation (present and beyond) Artificial Intellengence  A.I. is trying to comprehend intelligence.  A.I is still being created today.  Alan Turing developed the Turing Test in com

Artificial Intelligence

Generations Of Computers GGeneration 0: Mechanical Calculators GGeneration 1: Vacuum Tube Computers GGeneration 2: Transistor Computers GGeneration 3: Integrated Circuits GGeneration 4: Microprocessors

First Generation( )(electronic)   Konrad Zuse builds the Z3 computer, the first calculating machine with automatic control of its operations

1943 -Colossus, a British computer used for code- breaking

1944- Mark I. It is relay-based computer for the U.S.Navy

ENIAC first electronic computer with vacuum tubes and it weighed 80 tons.It could do 5000 additions and 360 multiplications per second

1951 UNIVAC used a magnetic tape unit as a buffer memory

Second Generation( ) By 1947, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer’s developement.The transistor replaced the large,unpractical vacuum tube in computers. Computers came smaller,faster,more reliable and more energy- efficent

Third Generation( ) Integrated circuits semiconductor devices with several transistors built into one physical component.Texas Instrument and Fairchild both announce the integrated circuit 1959

Fourth Generation(1971-present) Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer on silicon chip.Whereas previously had manufactured to fit a special purpose, now one microprosessor could be manufactured and programmed to meet any number of demands.Other Intel prosessors 8008, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, pentium, pentium pro,pentium II,pentium III and pentium IV.

Fifth Generation(present -) There are thousand processors or more that work parallel processing as one processor.The most famous example of fifth generation computer is the HAL 9000.It use visual input, voice recognitation and learn its own experiences.Advance superconductor technology allows the flow of electricity with no or little resistance, greatly improving the speed of information flow.

 Generation 1 : ENIAC The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer

The use of binary In the 30s Claude Shannon (the father of “information theory”) had proposed that the use of binary arithmetic and boolean logic should be used with electronic circuits The Von-Neumann architecture CPUMemory I/O System

 Generation 2: IBM7094  Generation 3: Integrated Circuits  Seymour Cray created the Cray Research Corporation Cray-1: $8.8 million, 160 million instructions per seconds and 8 Mbytes of memory

Generation 4: Vlsi Generation 4: Vlsi Improvements to IC technology made it possible to integrate more and more transistors in a single chip SSI (Small Scale Integration): MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-1,000 LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-10,000 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): >10,000 Microprocessors

Generation 5?  The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to all more or less “sci fi” future developments Voice recognition Artificial intelligence Quantum computing Bio computing Nano technology Learning Natural languages

Internet Citations  Computer History Museum. Computers. October 23,  Artificial Intelligence. November.13,2008  Microsoft office clipart  November 14,  november14,  Nov,  Nov, Nov, Nov,14

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