Reduced socially cued smoking in bars following workplace smoking bans in New Zealand Andrew Waa Quigley and Watts, Wellington, New Zealand Richard Edwards University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

Overview of Smokefree Environments Amendment Act (2003) Smokefree Environment Amendment Act (2003): Banned smoking in all enclosed workplaces Included hospitality venues (e.g. pubs, nightclubs, cafes) Potential impacts of smoking bans in hospitality venues: Reduced SHS exposure for health of workers (improved health) Reduced SHS exposure for patrons (improved health) Reductions in smoking behaviour in hospitality venues

Potential reductions in smoking behaviour result of: Fewer cues to smoke among existing smokers Fewer relapse prompts among quitters Reduced progression through stages of uptake Socially cued smoking: Trotter, Wakefield and Borland (2002) McCrae and Waa (2003) Trotter, Wakefield and Borland, 2002 Most smokers report smoking more in non-regulated environments ¼ say would quit if smoking banned quitters more likely to be socially cued smokers socially cued smokers more likely to be younger MacRae and Waa, 2003 Similar findings to Trotter, et al similar proportions of Maori and non-Maori socially cued smokers

Study purposes Impacts of smoking bans in hospitality venues on: Patronage Socially cued smoking Focus on bars and pubs Key definitions: Regular smoker: smokes at least monthly Patronage: Attends hospitality venue at least monthly Socially cued smoker: Reports “smokes more than normal in a hospitality venue”

Method CATI Survey Conducted 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 2 samples (general and Maori over-sample) Regular smokers selected Weighted by age, gender and ethnicity (2001 Census) Questions: Patronage in hospitality venues Reported smoking behaviour (None, less than normal, about the same, more than normal) Demographics (gender, ethnicity)

Regular smoker patronage in bars and pubs Smokers significantly more likely to patronise bars and pubs than non-smokers No significant change across time for the respective groups

Smoking behaviour when at bars and pubs: All participants Marked change occurs post legislation Behaviour extremely skewed towards “more than normal” pre-legislation, post more evenly disrtributed 2003, 2004 smoking “more than normal” significantly higher than other groups 2006 no group significant different than any other Decreases in “More than normal” matched by significant increases across the “less than normal” and “none” groups.

Socially cued smoking in bars and pubs 2003 - 2006: All participants, males and females Significant decrease for “all” participants (70% - 30%) Significant decrease for males and females post legislation Males already on decrease in 2004 Decreases maintained 2005 - 2006

Socially cued smoking in bars and pubs 2003 - 2006: All participants, Maori and non-Maori Significant decreases for all groups post legislation Decreases maintained 2005 – 2006

Conclusions No changes in patronage Supported by econometric data – minimal economic impact on hospitality sector Marked decreases in socially cued smoking among: All Males Females Maori Non-Maori Similar results for nightclubs, restaurants and cafes Supports predictions of previous findings Comprehensive workplace smoking bans impact on SHS exposure and smoking behaviour In the longer term likely reduced smoking prevalence: Reduced uptake Improved quitting

Acknowledgements Richard Edwards: Co-researcher Kamalesh Venugopal: Statistician Health Sponsorship Council: Funder/Sponsor Ministry of Health: Funder Reference for full SFE Evaluation report: Edwards R, Bullen C, O’Dea D, Glover M, Laugesen M, Thomson G, Waa A, Wilson N, Woodward A.After the Smoke has Cleared: Evaluation of the Impact of a New Smokefree Law. New Zealand Ministry of Health, Wellington: December 2006. Available through: http://www.moh.govt.nz Tobacco Control journal summary paper in press

Patronage at bars and clubs

Socially cued smoking in bars: males and females Socially cued smoking in bars: non-Maori and Maori