CELL-ebrate Science!!! January 2017

Cell Theory: All organisms are made up of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. All cells come from cells.

Unicellular: made of a single cell Multicellular: consisting of many cells

Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus.

Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain a nucleus. The four kingdoms of Eukrayotes: Protists, Fungi, Plants, & Animals.

Cellular Organization Plant cells: The cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria are enclosed in a cell wall. Cell Walls are tough, rigid outer coverings that protect cells and give them shape.

Cellular Organization Animal Cells: The protective layer surrounding every cell is the cell membrane. The cell membrane is the outermost covering of a cell unless a cell wall is present.

Cellular Organization Cells are filled with a gelatin-like substance called cytoplasm that constantly flows inside the cell membrane. Most of a cell’s life processes occur in the cytoplasm.

Cellular Organization Within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells are structures called organelles.

The Control Center: Nucleus is a dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acid.

Cellular Organization The largest organelle in the animal cell is the nucleus. All cellular activities are directed by the nucleus. A structure called a nucleolus is found in the nucleus and is where most ribosomes are made.

Cellular Organization Cells make their own protein on small organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached on the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Organelles that process, transport and store Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of folded membranes in which materials can be processed and moved around inside of the cell. It extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane and takes up a lot of space in the cells.

Organelles that process, transport and store After proteins are made in a cell, they are transferred to another type of organelle called the Golgi bodies. The Golgi bodies are stacked, flattened membranes that sort and transport cellular substances.

Organelles that process Energy In plant cells, food is made in green organelles in the cytoplasm called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which gives many leaves and stems their color.

Organelles that process Energy Chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make a sugar called glucose. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they release energy that is needed by the cell.

Organelles that process, transport and store Cells also have membrane-bound spaces called vacuoles for temporary storage of materials. A vacuole can store water, waste products, food, and other cellular materials.

Vacoules In animal cells, there are few small vacuoles. In plant cells, there is one vacuole and it is the largest organelle. It can make up most of the cell’s volume.

Organelles that recycle Organelles called lysosomes contain digestive chemicals that help break down food molecules, cell wastes, worn-out parts, and viruses and bacteria that enter a cell. These chemicals can be released into vacuoles when needed to break down their contents. Until then, the lysosomes membrane prevents the digestive chemicals inside from leaking into the cytoplasm and destroying the cell.

Organelles that recycle Cool Fact: The lysosome’s membrane disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that quickly breakdown the tadpole’s tail. These cells are recycled into the legs of the frog!!!

Photosynthesis: True or False? Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Stage 1: Capturing the Sun’s energy In plants, this process occurs mostly in the leaves. Stage 2: Using energy to make food The cell uses the captured energy to produce sugars. The cell needs two raw materials for this stage: 1. Water 2. Carbon Dioxide

The Photosynthesis equation: Photosynthesis: is capturing the sun’s energy to make food. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water - sugar + oxygen Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts. List the reactants and products of this equation:

Cellular Respiration: Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose. During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain. Respiration in cells is carried out continuously.

The Respiration equation: Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose. During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain. C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy sugar + oxygen -->carbon dioxide + water + energy Respiration occurs in the mitochondria. List the reactants and products of this equation:

Pass out plant and animal cell print outs for students to color and label.