The first two presidencies…and the 2 party system

Election of Washington… No rules on who could be electoral voter, different in each state No rules on how a person came to be an electoral voter, except women and slaves were “naturally” excluded -some women did vote in the elections that chose electoral voters (NJ) and any taxpayer (PA) Quorum convened on April 6, 1789 in NY, Senate counted electoral votes…who won?  Federal Hall in NY was seat of government until 1791. Washington took oath on April 30, 1789; Adams was VP What to do? What to do?

Formation of 2 party system Congress creates War, Treasury, State and Justice Departments -War=Henry Knox -Treasury=Alexander Hamilton -State=”acting” was John Jay, officially, Jefferson, 1790 -Justice=Edmond Randolph Judicial Act 1789: 6 justices, Supreme Court (original jurisdiction defined), established judicial districts with circuit and district courts within, created Attorney General -1st Chief Justice=John Jay

Formation of 2 party system…Report on Public Credit, 1790 Jefferson/Madison-his job? Hamilton-his “job”? Disagreed, hurt Rev. war vets and small farmers Disagreed, too much power to fed. gov’t and unfair to responsible states “assumption” Further South, along Potomac River The Dinner held by TJ… Gov’t securities should be reimbursed at par “redemption” 2. Fed. Gov’t would assume all debts of states -gov’t “shut down” in 1790 3. Location of Capital-NY 4. Where to store the $??

Formation of 2 party system… Creation of National Bank Hamilton Jefferson/Madison 1. partly owned by gov’t, 80% owned by private investors 2. “Loose”/”broad” constructionism-”necessary and proper clause” 3. Tariffs? High 4. Excise tax on Whiskey 1. NO! unconstitutional 2. “Tight”/”strict” constructionism 3. Tariffs-Low 4. No tax on whiskey

Formation of 2 Party System…Foreign Affairs-War in France, 1793 Hamilton…his “job”? Jefferson/Madison…his “job”? 1. Claim neutrality before France asks us! 2. Britain is key! 3. April 22, 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality 4. 1794 Jay’s Treaty with GB…10 yrs of peace and trade 5. 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain…borders, trade rights on Mississip! 1. Wait…and respect our 1778 treaty with France 2. Independence from GB is key! 3. Jefferson resigns 4. TJ angry, France angry 5. TJ focused on his own presidential campaign, warns Wash. of divisive party politics

1796 Washington’s Farewell Address: Advice: -Don’t get involved in European affairs -Don’t make permanent alliances -Don’t form political parties, compromise, work together -Avoid Northern and Southern sectional differences

1796 Election: Adam’s Federalists vs 1796 Election: Adam’s Federalists vs. Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans Adams… Federalists Adams/Pinckney continue Hamilton’s ideas of a commercial nation Campaigning beneath politicians! Jefferson… Democratic-Republicans aka Jeffersonian Republicans Jefferson/Burr Focus on agrarian society Campaigning beneath politicians!

Results? Adams pres, TJ VP

Adams’ Presidency: Adams won by 3 electoral votes, so Jefferson became VP American delegates sent to France, French delegates, “XYZ” wanted $ to talk. XYZ Affair -And the Press… Alien and Sedition Acts: public anger against France strengthened Federalist Party -Naturalization Act-increased from 5 to 14 # of years for immigrants to be citizens -Alien Acts-president deport any citizen considered alien/dangerous -Sedition Act-illegal for the press to criticize president or Congress with fines Results?

VA and KY Resolutions D-R challenged constitutionality of acts, but Supreme Court hadn’t established judicial review yet VA Resolution written by Madison, KY written by TJ States had entered compact with federal gov’t, if federal law violated state law, states could nullify law…foresee any problems/uses of this? Federalists politically harmed and became minority group in 1800 election Supreme Court eventually establishes judicial review and Supreme Court decided whether law is constitutional, not States Marbury v Madison