Quiet and Seated Read LOs Phones in the pouches Reading over your notes Fill in the margins with key terms & a question that can be answered from the section of notes We’ll finish up those notes today Read LOs 911

Student Current Event

CNN

A New Industrial Age

Causes Wealth of natural resources Government support of businesses Growing urban populations Cheap labor Markets for new products

Edwin L. Drake Used steam engine to remove oil from beneath earth’s surface Started oil boom Gas was only a waste by-product of the process at first

Henry Bessemer Bessemer process cleaned impurities from iron to create steel (iron ore & carbon) Steel used for things like railroads, skyscrapers and bridges …

The Brooklyn Bridge Completed in 1883, it spanned 1595 feet Called a Wonder of the World because of its height and weight bearing structure

Skyscrapers Buildings were no longer limited to height due to the strength of steel supporting the structures

Inventors Change the Landscape

Thomas Edison Patented the light bulb in 1876 Invented a system for producing and distributing electric power, which led to…

Electric streetcars led to the spreading out of cities The invention of time saving appliances because energy was so cheap and efficient Electric streetcars led to the spreading out of cities Plants and factories not limited to areas near water any longer Frank Osgood tests Seattle's first electric streetcars on March 30, 1889.

Inventors Change Lifestyles

Christopher Sholes 1867 invented the typewriter, which changed the way people worked

Alexander Graham Bell The invention of the telephone in 1876 opened up a worldwide communication network

Women became 40% of the clerical work force Industrialization made workers jobs less back-breaking, which improved the quality of their lives Mechanization eventually reduced the work day to about 10 hours

Expansion of Industry Results in Growth of Big Business

Andrew Carnegie One of the 1st industrial moguls to make his own fortune Instituted new management practices which revolutionized industry and promoted big businesses Carnegie Steel Company – later became US Steel

Vertical Integration Bought out suppliers Gained control of raw materials and transportation

Horizontal Integration Bought out companies which produced similar products Gained control of the whole industry

Social Darwinism Success and failure in business governed by natural law Justifies “laissez-faire,” or “allow to do.” Keeps government out of marketplace

Between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century, Big business created more than 4000 millionaires Appealed to Protestant work ethic Riches = God’s favor Poor = lazy and inferior

Mergers Industrialists pursued buying out competitors Monopolies When industries buy out all competitors and completely control industry Allows them to set wages, prices, and production

Holding Companies Set up specifically to buy out stocks of competitors John D Rockefeller Owned Standard Oil Co. Joined companies in trust agreements Stocks in companies held by trustees and ran as one business Not legal Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest and most profitable company in the world, and was for a time the richest man in the world.

Called “Robber Barons” for such tactics Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Trusts - Joined companies in trust agreements to gain control of the industry Drove companies out of business by selling below production cost, then jacking up prices Called “Robber Barons” for such tactics Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with trade Hard to uphold because it didn’t define what a “trust” was

Exploitation and Unsafe Working Conditions Draw People Together in Labor Movement Statistics- By 1882, and average 675 people killed in work-related accidents per week Wages so low, most families had to send everyone out to get jobs 20% of boys and 10% of girls under age 15 held jobs By 1899 women averaged $269 per year, men $498, and Carnegie $23 million not taxed

Sweatshops were unregulated Women, children & new immigrants were exploited Paid as little as $.27 for a child’s 14 hour day

Early Labor Organizations National Labor Union—first large-scale national organization 1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to civil servants Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National Labor Union forms NLU focus on linking existing local unions Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to women, blacks, unskilled Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration

Union Movements Diverge Craft Unionism Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor (AFL) AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours, conditions AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek Industrial Unionism Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes

Union Movements Diverge Socialism and the IWW Some labor activists turn to socialism: — government control of business & property — equal distribution of wealth Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies, forms 1905 Organized by radical unionists, socialists; included African Americans Industrial unions gave unskilled workers dignity, solidarity Other Labor Activism in the West Japanese, Mexicans form Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union in CA Wyoming Federation of Labor supports Chinese, Japanese miners

Strikes Turn Violent The Great Strike of 1877 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines Governors say impeding interstate commerce; federal troops intervene The Haymarket Affair 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality Violence ensues; 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted Public opinion turns against labor movement

Strikes Turn Violent The Homestead Strike 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts Win battle against Pinkertons; National Guard reopens plant Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years The Pullman Company Strike Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not rents; workers strike Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues; federal troops sent in by President Cleveland Debs jailed, most workers fired, many blacklisted

Women barred from many unions; unite behind powerful leaders Women Organize Women barred from many unions; unite behind powerful leaders Mary Harris Jones— most prominent organizer in women’s labor — works for United Mine Workers — leads children’s march Pauline Newman—organizer for International Ladies’ Garment Workers 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire results in public outrage

500 workers trapped inside 145 died

Management and the Government Pressured Unions Employers forbid unions; turn Sherman Antitrust Act against labor Legal limitations cripple unions, but membership rises Strikes led to shortages which led to public anger toward unions Many feared disorder, chaos and even socialist revolution

Reflecting on 9/11 Please clear your desks

Remembering 9/11

Terrorism defined: Terrorism in the Modern Era the planned use of violence to strike fear in people or governments in order to obtain political goals

Osama bin Laden Born in Saudi Arabia Wealthy Muslim Brotherhood Resents U.S. troops in Saudi Hates our support of Israel A founder of al Qaeda Masterminded the 9/11 attacks on U.S. USS Cole - Oct. 2000 WTC 1993 According to the transcript of his trial, Yousef hoped that his explosion would topple Tower 1 which would fall into Tower 2, killing the occupants of both buildings, which he estimated to be about 250,000 people in vengeance for America's support for Israel against Palestine.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsX1AGBVRGA&feature=fvsr

Take out a sheet of paper Title it Remembering 9/11 Part1 In your own words describe what happened on September 11, 2001 How has the world changed as a resolute 9/11/01 Part2 Ask your parents/grandparents what they remember about that day. Look for specific details that they remember Length requirements: Two Paragraphs – Hand written (legibly)