American History II Chapter 12, Section 3 Fighting the War American History II Chapter 12, Section 3

The War in the West Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant achieved great success. Feb. 1862 – Grant Captured Forth Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee. Command of the forts and Nashville gave Union control over Kentucky and much of Tennessee.

The War in the West Battle of Shiloh Tennessee Spring of 1862 – Grant waited for reinforcements Confederate generals Albert Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard attacked Pushed Grant back to the Tennessee River Believed could finish off Grant’s army the next morning Grant was advised to retreat – refused Fresh troops arrived during the nights Union surprised Confederates with counterattack the next day. General Beauregard ordered troops to retreat Union victory gave North great advantage Control the Mississippi River valley

The War in the West New Orleans Largest city in the South and central port for supplying troops along and west of the river Union capture meant cut off supplies to western Confederate forces and move troops up Mississippi River to join Grant’s forces Union ships commanded by David Farragut attacked New Orleans from Gulf of Mexico April 29 1862 – New Orleans forced to surrender Confederate morale began to weaken

Eastern Campaigns President Lincoln remained committed to capturing Richmond Ordered General George McClellan to Virginia – 1862 Peninsula Campaign McClellan transported more than 100,000 men, 300 cannons, and 25,000 animals by water to the peninsula between York and James Rivers Planned to hit Richmond from the southeast Put his army between Richmond and Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston’s forces near Manassas Forcing Confederates to move southward to defend Richmond McClellan hesitated

Eastern Campaigns McClellan’s forces met Confederates at Yorktown, VA Refused to attack – claimed too many enemy troops Instead decided to lay siege to Yorktown Confederates retreated and McClellan followed Met again at the Battle of Seven Pines South fared badly As a result, Robert E. Lee placed in command of Confederate forces.

Eastern Campaigns Seven Days’ Campaign Lee sent cavalry unit led by James E. B. “Jeb” Stuart to gather information on enemy positions. Lee and Stonewall Jackson combined to attack the Union in the Seven Days’ Battles Considered victory for South because Union retreated

Shift in War Goals Move against slavery July 1862 – Republicans pushed for authorization for African Americans to serve in the military Freed slaves held by Confederate soldiers and allies Lincoln hoped that if slaves learned the North was fighting to free them, they would desert their masters Weaken South’s economy

The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln lacked constitutional authority to abolish slavery. Planned to issue new military order Emancipation Proclamation – all slaves living in areas still rebelling against the United States would be free Only applied to Confederate states, not border states Kept secret until Union won a major military victory.

African Americans Take Arms August 1862 – first official black regiments organized in Union controlled areas of SC First African Americans recruited by Union served in 54th Massachusetts Infantry Nearly 180,000 African American men served in the Union Army

Fredericksburg December 11 & 12 1862 – Union forces sent across Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, VA General Lee and Confederate forces controlled hills above the town. From high ground, Confederates could easily fire on the Union soldiers as they crossed the open fields. Confederate victory.

Chancellorsville Union troops led by General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker attacked in Wilderness forest, VA Confederate victory General Stonewall Jackson accidentally killed by own men